One of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide is waterborne diseases which affect not only low-and middle-income countries but also high-income countries (Hrudey, 2004;

Objectives: To examine whether heightened vigilance partially explains associations between police brutality, depressed mood, and generalized anxiety among Black adults. Method: We used data from the cross-sectional Survey of the Health of Urban Residents (SHUR) in the United States (N = 623). Controlling for sociodemographic and health characteristics, we regressed depressed mood and generalized anxiety on police brutality. To assess whether heightened vigilance mediates the relationship between police brutality and mental health, we computed the direct effects of police brutality and indirect effects (through heightened vigilance) on depression and anxiety. Results: Over half of the sample reported experiencing police brutality. Both police brutality and heightened vigilance were associated with depressed mood and generalized anxiety. Heightened vigilance explained 11% of the total effect of police brutality on depressed mood and 21% of the total effect of police brutality on generalized anxiety. Conclusions: Police brutality is associated with negative mental health outcomes among Black people. As clinicians work to provide assessment, diagnosis, and treatment services, they should be aware that Black patients might face increased risk for depression and anxiety because of heightened vigilance and police brutality. Addressing how to manage these kinds of stressors is important, as is building a society where hypervigilance is unnecessary for the survival of Black people. Advocating for broad policy actions to reimagine policing is important for the mental health of Black adults.

Objective: Malaria is one of the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing countries, most especially in the sub-Saharan Africa where the transmission rates are very high. Despite some intervention by government, many people are still infected by the disease. Therefore, this study seeks to evaluate the environmental risk factors affecting malaria prevalence and the spatial-temporal distribution of malaria incidence, in order to delineate the most severely affected area in Ibadan, Southwest and Nigeria. Methodology: The data and materials used include Monthly reported cases of malaria for ten years, 2006-2015, meteorological data (Rainfall, relative humidity and Temperature) and remotely sensed data such as Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and soil map of the study area. The relationship between malaria incidence and climate variables were evaluated. The result obtained from climatemalaria correlation was used in ranking the selected climatic factors in developing malaria risk map. Mapping of different spatial clustering patterns like hot spots, high risk and cold spots over the entire study area was done by Hotspot analysis. Result: The results showed that there is a strong relationship between climatic factors and malaria incidence especially maximum temperature and relative humidity. It was also observed that the intensity of clustering of high values (hot spot) and low value (cold spot) was low and varied throughout the study period, but relatively high in the year 2010, 2011 and 2014. The statistically significant hotspots of malaria were consistently detected in southern and eastern part of Ibadan central urban area (Ibadan SouthWest , Ibadan SouthEast and Ibadan NorthEast LGAs) and except Ibadan NorthEast LGA once in 2011. However, Ibadan North and Ibadan NorthWest LGAs remained malaria coldspot throughout the study period. The results could help government agencies, health practitioners and policy makers to plan in the prevention and control of malaria prevalence in the area.

Aim/objective This study evaluates the effectiveness and users’ experience of using live stream technology to conduct workplace observation assessments of trainee dental nurses. Information on the usability, accessibility, and general satisfaction of this technological technique were collected. Materials and methods This nationwide cross-sectional survey was conducted in Scotland and included one focus group and three online questionnaires with qualitative and quantitative questions. The quantitative responses were described using standard descriptive analysis, while the quantitative data were investigated using thematic analysis. Results Eighty-one trainee dental nurses, 35 clinicians and 19 assessors participated in this study. Live stream observation was generally well received by the trainee dental nurses and clinicians, who thought that it had helped increase their confidence to perform practical skills. The assessors also stated that overall satisfaction was high, and that live stream observation met their expectations for efficacy. However, several technical challenges, such as network issues were brought up by responders. Conclusion This study provides evidence that workplace observation assessments can be performed in the future by using live stream technology. However, additional investigation and comparison will aid in determining the most effective way of using this approach and providing feedback to promote learning among dental trainees.

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