Background: It is well-known fact that medicinal plants are the resources of promising drugs for many ailments. Although, a number of research have been conducted on these plants, however, study related to their cytotoxic and antibacterial activity is of paramount important due to worldwide increase microbial resistance to antibiotics. Objective: The objective of present study was to determine the cytotoxicity and antibacterial activities of Cochlospermum tinctorium roots extract against some clinical isolates of bacteria. Water Material and Methods: and methanol were used in extraction of roots by percolation. The antibacterial activity Cochlospermum tinctorium was carried out using agar well diffusion technique against , , , and E. coli Proteus specie K. pneumoniae P. aeruginosa S. aureus, the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration were also determined using standard procedure The extracts were also subjected to Phytochemical Screening, Brine-shrimp lethality assay, the Lc 50 values were determined by linear regression analysis method. The result of phytochemical Results: screening revealed the presence of secondary metabolites, the result of antibacterial activity ranged from 7.23±0.20mm to 32.67±0.58mm inhibition zones, N-hexane extract have the highest zone of inhibition (32.67±0.58mm) against at 2000μg/ml concentrations, the extract was active on all the tested K. pneumoniae microorganisms at different concentrations, the MIC was lowest for at (62.5µg /ml) and highest for K. pneumoniae S. aureus E. coli K. pneumoniae and at (125µg/ml), the MBC result showed that, the extract was bactericidal to at (62.5 µg/ml followed by at (125µg/ml) and at (250µg/ml), the cytotoxicity of the plant extract (LC50) S. aureus E. coli showed that, the plant was weakly toxic. These findings therefore support the local use of Conclusion: C. tinctorium root extracts for the treatment of bacterial infections in Northern Nigeria.

A central tenet underlying the use of plant preparations is that plants contain many bioactive phytochemical compounds used for myriad of pharmacological purposes (Maria, 2016). One of the earliest used plants in history is as fossil Cannabis sativa record data reveals the regular use of plant extracts by humans for therapeutic purposes (Alfred, 2013; Federica et al., 2018). From that point, the development of traditional medical system incorporating plants as a means of therapy can be traced back only as far as record documents (Nunez-Selles et al., 2007). Many plant parts are used as medicine for humans and livestock; whole seeds and seed oil are eaten by human, seeds and leaves are fed to animals, seeds oil and stalks are burned for fuel. Whole plants, leaves and wood have environmental uses, bark, fiber and seeds are also of ritual importance (Ullah, 2011; Esra et al., 2012). Newcastle disease (ND) is a transmissible and notifiable disease caused by a single stranded, non-segmented, negative sense RNA virus, also known as Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1) (Haque et al., 2010). The virus of the genus subfamily Paramyxovirinae and of Avulovirus, the family Paramyxoviridae, is an acute, highly contagious rapidly spreading viral disease of domestic poultry and other wild species of birds of all ages (Iran et al., 2013; Aamir et al., 2014). It is considered to be among the most important viral diseases of poultry worldwide and a major

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Medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases. Several scientific studies were conducted on different medicinal plants to investigate their antibacterial potentials. This review article aimed to summarize and document the antibacterial screening conducted on some Nigerian medicinal plants against various bacterial isolates in an attempt to stimulate further research to discover novel antibacterial agents. We provide specific information about the parts of the plants evaluated, the type of extracts and/fractions, and the tested bacterial strains. The findings documented in this review shows that these medicinal plants possess antibacterial potential based on their reported traditional uses. Also, the information documented in this article could serve as a basis for further microbiological and pharmacological research to discover new antibacterial agents.

The widespread use of antibiotics both inside and outside of medicine is playing a significant role in the emergence of resistant bacteria. The study was aimed to determine the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from Urinary Tract Infected (UTI) patients. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined using modified Kirby Bauer method. The susceptibility of antibiotic against S. aureus showed that most of the isolates were resistant to more than 3 antibiotics. Most of the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin, ofloxacin, Septrin and Augmentin. However, the isolates were more resistant to streptomycin, Nalidixic acid and levofloxacin. The susceptibility pattern of S. aureus against the antibiotics showed that 14 out of the 20 isolates were multi drug resistant. For E. coli, result showed that most of the isolates were resistant to more than 3 antibiotics. Most of the isolates were sensitive to Levofloxacin, ofloxacin, Streptomycin and gentamicin. However, the isolates were more resistant to Ceporex, Augmentin and ampicillin and 14 out of the 20 isolates were multi drug resistant. It is concluded that the bacteria isolated from UTI patients are mostly resistance to some classes of antibiotics. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and antibiotics