La rage est une zoonose endémique dans les pays en développement et compte parmi les pathologies virales les plus virulentes et mortelles. Elle constitue une menace pour la sante publique et animale au Burkina Faso. La présente étude transversale a été conduite pour décrire l’épidémiologie de la rage et les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques (CAP) des populations à Ouagadougou. Elle a consisté en une collecte de données auprès des ménages et des structures techniques impliquées dans la prévention, le contrôle et la surveillance de la rage humaine et animale. L’enquête CAP a été réalisée auprès de 616 ménages. Elle a montré que la majorité des participants avaient entendu parler de la rage humaine (80,7 %) et animale (94,6 %), savaient qu’elle se transmettait essentiellement à la suite de morsure par un chien infecte (94,2 %) et étaient capables de citer correctement au moins deux voies de transmission de la maladie (65,7 %). En revanche, seuls 9,7 % des propriétaires de chiens affirmaient être capables de financer la vaccination antirabique canine annuelle. Les principaux canaux d’information et de communication sur la rage utilises par les participants étaient l’entourage (41,8 %), l’école (33,4 %) et les médias (24,8 %). Quant à l’étude épidémiologique rétrospective, qui s’est appuyée sur les documents disponibles au sein des structures nationales, elle a mis en évidence qu’en moyenne 4172 cas de morsures étaient enregistrées chaque année, que seules 31,7 % des personnes mordues avaient bénéficié d’une prophylaxie postexposition complète et que 68 % des animaux testes étaient positifs au virus rabique. Ces études confirment la présence du risque rabique dans le pays et montrent la nécessite de renforcer l’éducation et l’engagement communautaire ainsi qu’une étroite collaboration entre les secteurs de la santé animale et de la santé humaine pour une gestion intégrée des cas de morsures.

Aim:In Senegal, uncontrolled cross-breeding of cattle breeds and changes in production systems are assumed to lead to an increase of gene flow between populations. This might constitute a relevant threat to livestock improvement. Therewith, this study was carried out to assess the current genetic diversity and the phylogenetic relationships of the four native Senegalese cattle breeds (Gobra zebu, Maure zebu, Djakoré, and N’Dama).Methods:Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of 120 unrelated animals collected from three agro-ecological areas of Senegal according to their phenotypic traits. Genotyping was done using 11 specific highly polymorphic microsatellite makers recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization. The basic measures of genetic variation and phylogenetic trees were computed using bioinformatics’ software.Results:A total of 115 alleles were identified with a number of alleles (Na) at one locus ranging from 6 to 16. All loci were polymorphic with a mean polymorphic information content of 0.76. The mean allelic richness (Rs) lay within the narrow range of 5.14 in N’Dama taurine to 6.10 in Gobra zebu. While, the expected heterozygosity (HE) per breed was high in general with an overall mean of 0.76±0.04. Generally, the heterozygote deficiency (FIS) of 0.073±0.026 was relatively due to inbreeding among these cattle breeds or the occurrence of population substructure. The high values of allelic and gene diversity showed that Senegalese native cattle breeds represented an important reservoir of genetic variation. The genetic distances and clustering trees concluded that the N’Dama cattle were most distinct among the investigated cattle populations. So, the principal component analyses showed qualitatively that there was an intensive genetic admixture between the Gobra zebu and Maure zebu breeds.Conclusions:The broad genetic diversity in Senegalese cattle breeds will allow for greater opportunities for improvement of productivity and adaptation relative to global changes. For the development of sustainable breeding and crossbreeding programs of Senegalese local breeds, effective management is needed towards genetic selection and transhumance to ensure their long-term survival.

BackgroundTsetse flies are the sole vectors of human and animal trypanosomosis. In Burkina Faso, a project aiming to create zones free of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis was executed from June 2006 to December 2013. After the determination of tsetse distribution in the intervention area from December 2007 to November 2008, the control campaign was launched in November 2009 and ended in December 2013. The goal was to eliminate tsetse flies from 40,000 km2 of area, through an integrated control campaign including insecticide targets, traps and cattle, sequential aerial treatment (SAT) and the mass treatment of livestock using trypanocides. The campaign involved assistance of the beneficiary communities at all the steps of the control strategy with insecticide impregnated targets.MethodsThis study was carried out to assess the impact of the control project on tsetse apparent density per trap per day (ADT). To evaluate the effectiveness of tsetse control, 201 sites were selected based on the baseline survey results carried out from December 2007 to November 2008. These sites were monitored bi-monthly from January 2010 to November 2012. At the end-of-study in 2013 a generalized entomological survey was carried out in 401 infested sites found during the longitudinal survey done before the control. Barrier and tsetse persistence areas were treated by ground spraying and evaluated. Controls were also done before and after aerial spraying.ResultsIn the insecticide-impregnated target area, the control showed that ADT of tsetse flies declined from 10.73 (SD 13.27) to 0.43 (SD 2.51) fly/trap/day from the third month of campaign onwards (P < 0.0001) and remained low thereafter. At the end of the campaign in 2013, an 83% reduction of ADT was observed for Glossina palpalis gambiensis and a 92% reduction for G. tachinoides. Tsetse flies were captured only in 29% of the sites found infested in 2008.ConclusionsTsetse flies could be suppressed efficiently but their elimination from the targeted area may require the use integrated methods including the Sterile Insect Technique, which is programmed through the development of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC Burkina) insectarium. The challenge will remain the sustainability of the achievement.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2609-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A longitudinal study assessed the chemoresistance to isometamidium chloride (ISM) and diminazene aceturate (DA) in the region of the Boucle du Mouhoun in Burkina Faso. A preliminary cross-sectional survey allowed the identification of the 10 villages with the highest parasitological prevalences (from 2.1% to 16.1%). In each of these 10 villages, two herds of approximately 50 bovines were selected, one being treated with ISM (1mg/kg b.w.) and the other remaining untreated as control group. All animals (treated and untreated herds) becoming infected were treated with DA (3.5mg/kg b.w.). In total, 978 head of cattle were followed up. Fortnightly controls of the parasitaemia and PCV were carried out during 8 weeks. The main trypanosome species was T. vivax (83.6%) followed by T. congolense