In the field of neurosurgery, often the dura mater cannot be sutured, and consequently, it requires a duraplasty procedure using a dural fascial graft. Since 1890, various materials have been researched as dura mater substitutes. Amniotic membrane, for example, is suitable as a dural graft material and has been used in neurosurgery since 2012. However, there has been little research on human patient's dural healing after the use of amniotic membrane in their duraplasty procedure. To address this gap, a clinical experimental study was undertaken to evaluate the human dural healing of 16 patients who had undergone duraplasty in decompressive craniectomy surgery at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya. The amniotic membrane allograft, was sutured to cover the dural defect for eight randomly chosen patients (Group I). The fascial autograft from the temporal muscle had been applied for eight other patients (Group II). Between 10 and 20 weeks after surgery, the patients underwent cranioplasty and dural healing evaluation by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage testing through the edge of the dural defect. The fibrocyte infiltration around the edge of the dural defect was examined histologically. Statistical analysis, using an independent t-test, was performed with a confidence interval of 95%. The results of the clinical and histological analysis suggest that an amniotic membrane graft was able to provide watertight dural closure and adequate fibrocyte infiltration comparable with that provided by temporalis muscle fascia. This study shows that using an amniotic membrane in neurosurgery has a potential advantage over an alternative dural healing.

Duraplasty is a common procedure while human dura mater cannot be sutured during surgery and required a dural graft. Some material has been studied as dura mater substitute. One of those materials is amniotic membrane that used frequently in the surgical procedure. A clinical experimental study was performed to analyze the healing of dural in 8 patients at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia. The amniotic membrane allograft, had been processed and folded in 16 layers. The membrane was then sutured to cover the dural defect. Ten weeks later, the patient underwent cranioplasty and CSF leakage evaluated by checking the edge of dural. The fibrocyte infiltration was examined histologically. Based on the analysis, the amniotic membrane showed great potential as dura mater artificial.

Traffic accident is the highest cause of head injury. In the field of neurosurgery, it is closely related to the defect of duramater (outer layer of the brain). This study aims to perform artificial duramater synthesis from bacteria cellulose that is composited with collagen in order to find the precise composition. Bacteria cellulose was synthesized by fertilizing Acetobacter xylinum bacteria into coconut water. In addition, bacteria cellulose pellicle membrane immersed into collagen solution with various concentration such as 0.4% w/v, 0.5% w/v, 0.6% w/v and 0.7% w/v. The dried sample was characterized by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR), tensile tester, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and swelling test procedure. Result showed that the best sample was ‘Sample A’ (bacteria cellulose-collagen 0.4% w/v) that obtained 8% elongation and 185 μm for the average thickness. Based on the entire result, the biocomposite of bacteria celluose-collagen has a high potential as a candidate of artificial duramater.

Head trauma was the third cause of deaths that have a high rank that can make serious head injury for 25.5%-54.9%. This study has been conducted by making a replacement layer of the brain (dura) to overcome the impact of dural defect by utilizing waste fish scales red snapper (Lutjanus sp.). Synthesis brain membranes lining processed by casting method with each various concentrations of chitosan coating of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% then dried using vacuum dry. The samples then were characterized by tensile test, FTIR, SEM and MTT Assay. FTIR test results showed that red snipperscales can produce collagen powder at amide A group with stretching of –NH functional group, amide B group has stretching of CH2 assymetry, amide I area, amide II and amide III area which show –NH bonding. Tensile test results showed that the combination between PLGA-Collagen Chitosan Coating 2% produced the highest tensile strength is 4.8 MPa which meet the standards of human duramater strength. MTT Assay results showed that the dural membrane produced no toxic seen from living cells reached 98.32%. Poly - Glycolyc Lactic - Co Acid (PLGA) - collagen coating chitosan based on red snapper fish scales (Lutjanus sp.) composites has potency as duramater artificial candidate due to the chemistry, biological and physical characteristics.

This review focuses on the enhancement of antioxidant activity and the colon anticancer effect of fermented rice bran extract. Fermentation is a biological process that has been proven to significantly increase the content of bioactive compounds in various food sources, including rice bran. This study investigates how fermentation affects the antioxidant activity and colon anticancer potential of rice bran extract. The review highlights a positive correlation between phenolic content and antioxidant activity, indicating that fermented rice bran extract exhibits higher antioxidant properties compared to non-fermented ones. Additionally, this research explores the role of different fermentation microorganisms in promoting the release of phenolic compounds, contributing to increased antioxidant activity and colon anticancer effects. Understanding the potential health benefits of fermented rice bran extract can contribute to the development of functional food products with improved nutritional and therapeutic effects