BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common infectious with serious rate of morbidity and mortality. Recent conventional method only described 30-50% of CAP etiology. Sputum specimen quality assessment is important to obtain an accessible CAP-causing pathogens identification.METHODS: This was a prospective descriptive study involving 100 specimens from CAP-diagnosed subjects in Budhi Asih Regional General Hospital inpatien tcare. We assessed three gram-staining criteria for specimen quality determination, and continued by bacterial identification.RESULTS: All specimens were qualified according to criteria II, while only 94 and 96 specimens were qualified according to criteria I and III, respectively. Sixty-five specimens could be identified by culture and pneumoCLART polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination, and the 35 specimens remained unknown. Ten out of those 35 specimens were positive after analyzed by Acid-fast Bacilli (AFB) test. The pathogens we identified including Klebsiella pneumoniae (29.6%), Acinetobacter baumanii (10.2%), Enterobacter cloacae (4.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.6%), Staphyloccocus aureus (4.6%), Moraxella catarrhalis (3.7%), Enterobacter aerogenes (2.8%), Escherichia coli (2.8%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1.9%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (1.9%) and Citrobacter koseri (0.9%).CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences among the three criteria for sputum specimen quality assessment, based on culture and pneumoCLART examination. We suggest that criteria II could be used to avoid many specimen rejections while good quality specimens still attained for accessible bacteria identification.KEYWORDS: community-acquired pneumonia, sputum, gram stain, pathogens, bacteria

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumanii) merupakan salah satu spesies Acinetobacter tersering diisolasi dari manusia, dan lebih sering dijumpai pada infeksi nosokomial dibandingkan dengan infeksi di komunitas. Eksistensi bakteri ini di lingkungan terkait dengan keragaman reservoir, kemampuan memperoleh gen pembawa sifat resisten antimikroba, dan sifat resisten terhadap pengeringan. Infeksi disebabkan strain A. baumannii yang resisten terhadap banyak antibiotik tidak mudah dikendalikan dan menjadi permasalahan di berbagai negara. Karbapenem merupakan antibiotik utama yang dipakai untuk mengobati pasien infeksi oleh Acinetobacter sehingga menyebabkan peningkatan resistensi bakteri ini terhadap karbapenem. Mekanisme kerja karbapenem yaitu dengan menghambat polimerisasi dan perlekatan peptidoglikan pada dinding sel. Kurangnya penetrasi obat (mutasi porin dan efflux pumps) dan atau carbapenem-hydrolyzing beta-lactamase enzymes seperti OXA carbapenamases dan metalo-beta-laktamase (MBL) memperantarai terjadinya resistensi karbapenem. Kata Kunci: karbapenem, resistensi antibiotik, Acinetobacter baumannii

Virus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2) termasuk dalam kelompok β-coronavirus yang merupakan virus RNA sense positif rantai tunggal dengan selubung lipid dan penyakit yang disebabkannya disebut Coronavirus Disease 2019 atau COVID-19. World Health Organization (WHO) secara resmi menyatakan wabah COVID-19 sebagai pandemi global dan pemerintah di seluruh dunia mulai menerapkan strategi untuk memperlambat penyebaran infeksi. Penularan SARS-CoV-2 umumnya melalui droplet tetapi penularan secara airborne (aerosol) juga mungkin terjadi. Ventilasi merupakan salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi transmisi secara airborne sehingga muncul pertanyaan tentang peran sistem heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) dalam penyebaran COVID-19 di lingkungan dalam ruangan. Penulis hendak mengkaji sumber-sumber kepustakaan yang tersedia yang membahas tentang kontaminasi udara dan area permukaan di lingkungan dalam ruangan dan pengaturan sistem HVAC dalam mencegah penyebaran SARS-CoV-2. Tulisan ini disusun dengan mengkaji 10 artikel jurnal penelitian yang berasal dari PubMed. Hasil kajian didapatkan bahwa pencegahan kontaminasi SARS-CoV-2 di dalam ruangan dengan sistem HVAC dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan laju ventilasi, menghindari sirkulasi udara kembali, menggunakan filter udara, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), serta rutin melakukan desinfeksi atau sterilisasi ruangan maupun permukaan.

Background: Sepsis is a common, life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. In 2017, estimated cases for sepsis reached 48.9 million worldwide, with 11 million deaths. Adequate antibiotic therapy is crucial for the treatment of sepsis. Purposes: The objective of this study is to find factors related to sepsis patient outcomes. Methods: We conducted a 1-year retrospective descriptive study with the inclusion criteria of all adult sepsis patients in Tarakan District Hospital in 2018. We compiled 39 samples that fit the inclusion criteria. Results: The distribution gender of this study were 51.2% female and 48.8% male patients; with most patients in the age of <65 years old (53.8%), <7 days in the length of stay (72%), and the most common source of infection was gastrointestinal (33.3%) followed by lungs (28.2%). Conclusion: We found a mortality rate of 59%, with the most common source of infection leading to death was the lungs (81.2%) and treated with single ceftriaxone antibiotic therapy (78.3%). Another factor associated with mortality is inadequate single antibiotic therapy.