Background and aims: Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) is standard of care for disabling acute ischemic stroke (AIS) within a time window of ⩽ 4.5 h. Some AIS patients cannot be treated with IVT due to limiting contraindications, including heparin usage in an anticoagulating dose within the past 24 h or an elevated activated prothrombin time (aPTT) > 15 s. Protamine is a potent antidote to unfractionated heparin. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of IVT in AIS patients after antagonization of unfractionated heparin with protamine. Methods: Patients from our stroke center (between January 2015 and September 2021) treated with IVT after heparin antagonization with protamine were analyzed. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used for stroke severity and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) for outcome assessment. Substantial neurological improvement was defined as the difference between admission and discharge NIHSS of ⩾8 or discharge NIHSS of ⩽1. Good outcome at follow-up after 3 months was defined as mRS 0–2. Safety data were obtained for mortality, symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), and for adverse events due to protamine. Second, a systematic review was performed searching PubMed and Scopus for studies and case reviews presenting AIS patients treated with IVT after heparin antagonization with protamine. The search was limited from January 1, 2011 to September 29, 2021. Furthermore, we conducted a propensity score matching comparing protamine-treated patients to a control IVT group without protamine (ratio 2:1, match tolerance 0.2). Results: A total of 16 patients, 5 treated in our hospital and 11 from literature, [65.2 ± 13.1 years, 37.5% female, median premorbid mRS (pmRS) 1 (IQR 1, 4)] treated with IVT after heparin antagonization using protamine were included and compared to 31 IVT patients [76.2 ± 10.9 years, 45% female, median pmRS 1 (IQR 0, 2)]. Substantial neurological improvement was evident in 68.8% of protamine-treated patients versus 38.7% of control patients ( p = 0.028). Good clinical outcome at follow-up was observed in 56.3% versus 58.1% of patients ( p = 0.576). No adverse events due to protamine were reported, one patient suffered sICH after secondary endovascular thrombectomy of large vessel occlusion. Mortality was 6.3% versus 22.6% ( p = 0.236). Conclusion: IVT after heparin antagonization with protamine seems to be safe and, prospectively, may extend the number of AIS patients who can benefit from reperfusion treatment using IVT. Further prospective registry trials would be helpful to further investigate the clinical applicability of heparin antagonization.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNGSchwindel und Gleichgewichtsstörungen umfassen ein multisensorisches und interdisziplinäres Syndrom unterschiedlicher Ätiologie und Pathogenese, wobei beim zerebellären Schwindel die Beschwerden durch die vestibulo-zerebellären, vestibulo-spinalen oder zerebellären Systeme verursacht werden. Der Begriff des zerebellären Schwindels umfasst eine heterogene Gruppe von Störungen mit klinischen Anzeichen einer Kleinhirnfunktionsstörung. Bei rund 10% der Patienten in einer Spezialambulanz für Schwindel und Gleichgewichtsstörungen ist der zerebelläre Schwindel ursächlich für die Vorstellung. Nach zeitlichem Verlauf können 3 Typen unterschieden werden: dauerhafte Beschwerden, wiederkehrende Episoden mit Schwindel und Gleichgewichtsstörungen und ein akutes Auftreten der Beschwerden. Die häufigsten Diagnosen waren: degenerative Erkrankungen; hereditäre Formen und erworbenen Formen 81 % der Patienten mit einem zerebellären Schwindel leiden an dauerhaften, persistierenden Schwindelbeschwerden, 31 % an Schwindelattacken und 21 % sowohl an dauerhaften Beschwerden als auch an Attacken, während typische klinische zerebelläre Zeichen, u. a. Gang- und Extremitätenataxien oder eine Dysarthrie seltener festgestellt wurden. Schlüssel zur Diagnose sind eine dezidierte, zielgerichtete Anamnese sowie eine gründliche klinische Untersuchung mit besonderem Augenmerk der Okulomotorik. Hinsichtlich der Untersuchung der Okulomotorik zeigten sich am häufigsten eine sakkadierte Blickfolge, ein Blickrichtungsnystagmus, Provokationsnystagmus, Reboundnystagmus, ein zentraler Fixationsnystagmus, am häufigsten der DBN sowie Sakkadenstörungen und einer Divergenzinsuffizienz. Die Untersuchung der Okulomotorik ist somit sehr sensitiv, um die Diagnose zu unterstützen, jedoch nicht spezifisch in der Unterscheidung verschiedener Krankheitsätiologien. Apparative Untersuchungen mittels Posturografie und einer standardisierten Ganganalyse können die Diagnosestellung unterstützen und zur Abschätzung des Sturzrisikos sowie zur Quantifizierung des Verlaufs und möglicher symptomatischer Behandlungseffekte beitragen. Patienten mit zerebellärem Schwindel sollten eine multimodale Behandlung erhalten.
Rationale: Oxygen is essential for cellular energy metabolism. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to hypoxia. Increasing oxygen supply shortly after stroke onset could preserve the ischemic penumbra until revascularization occurs. Aims: PROOF investigates the use of normobaric oxygen therapy (NBO) within six hours of symptom onset/notice for brain-protective bridging until endovascular revascularization of acute intracranial anterior circulation occlusion. Methods and design: Randomized (1:1), standard treatment-controlled, open-label, blinded endpoint, multicenter adaptive phase IIb trial. Study outcomes: Primary outcome is ischemic core growth (mL) from baseline to 24 hours (intention-to-treat analysis). Secondary efficacy outcomes include change in NIHSS from baseline to 24 hours, mRS at 90 days, cognitive and emotional function, and quality of life. Safety outcomes include mortality, intracranial hemorrhage, and respiratory failure. Exploratory analyses of imaging and blood biomarkers are conducted. Sample size: Using an adaptive design with interim analysis at 80 patients per arm, up to 456 participants (228 per arm) would be needed for 80% power (one-sided alpha 0.05) to detect a mean reduction of ischemic core growth by 6.68 mL, assuming 21.4 mL standard deviation. Discussion: By enrolling endovascular thrombectomy candidates in an early time window, the trial replicates insights from preclinical studies in which NBO showed beneficial effects, namely early initiation of near 100% inspired oxygen during short temporary ischemia. Primary outcome assessment at 24 hours on follow-up imaging reduces potential bias due to withdrawal of care and early clinical confounders such as delayed extubation and aspiration pneumonia. Trial registrations: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03500939; EudraCT: 2017-001355-31.
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