This article aimed to develop designs for non-paper-based (NPB) formative assessment models in Arabic learning accompanied by assessment instruments, practices, and student perspectives at the elementary school level. The method used is a qualitative field study with eight participants selected purposively. After teaching for two months, data were collected through observation, documentation, and interviews—data analysis using Miles and Huberman's theory, namely reduction, presentation, and drawing reports. The results of the study show that teachers have designed and implemented NPB formative assessments: Jawab kuIS!, مَنْ أَسْرَعْ يَرْجِعْ, KEPO nih!, dan Klik Klik Quizizz which utilizes Instagram, Canva, and Quizizz applications. The student's perspective on this practice is positive, evidenced by students preferring NPB formative assessments to conventional paper-based formative assessments cause for them the assessment is exciting, tend to be enthusiastic about participating in the assessment, and expect formative and summative assessments in the future always to use the NPB model.

This study describes how code-switching between first language (L1) and foreign language (FL) is used as teaching strategy by teachers in Arabic learning. The method used in this study was a descriptive qualitative. The data sources were Arabic teachers in East Java and Bali. Data collection techniques used in this research were interviews and observations analyzed in three stages: reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusion. The result showed that Arabic teachers agreed that code-switching could be used as a teaching strategy to facilitate students' understanding of learning materials. Code-switching function can be applied in three aspects: 1) curriculum activity, 2) class management and 3) interpersonal relationship. Code-switching can be an essential part that Arabic teachers can utilize in carrying out the learning process in the classroom. Teachers can use it as an indirect strategy if using Arabic does not fulfill the learning objectives.