No abstract

Any forest ecosystem, as part of the natural environment is home to diverse animal and plant life. But existence of forest, especially rain forest, are threatened by the need to meet human insatiable demands. The constitution, on the other hand, demands the preservation of forest environment (inclusive protecting the human rights to a clean and healthy environment), the management of which is entrusted to central as well as regional-local government. Using the concept of justice as a key point, the conflict between the need to preserve and exploitation of forest resources to meet human needs shall be discussed here. This paper, using a library research and juridical dogmatic approach, attempts to trace how environmental justice is perceived in the context of the above conflicting demands.

This study aims to find that customary law regulations exist in written form. This research also wants to prove that the customs regulations in each region in Bali are different according to the customs of other regions in Indonesia and the existence of this awig-awig still exists according to the needs of the community according to current conditions. Awig-awig is a system of social life that is characterized by several characteristics, such as interaction, binding patterns of unique behavior in all aspects of life that are steady and continuous, as well as a sense of identity towards the group in which the individual is a member. Awig-awig is made as an effort to maintain order and peace between indigenous villagers. The method used in this study begins with identification from various literature related to customary law in Indonesia.Then arranged in such a way as to bring up the right problem formulation which later can be comprehensively reviewed through field studies, literature studies, and direct observation, especially related to the problems taken in this research, namely awig-awig as customary law written in the perspective of Indonesian customary law. The results of the research in this study are expected to be able to contribute positively to the development of Customary Law Courses.

Norms are behavioral guidelines in the Indonesian legal state. Norms continue to exist in the legislation and juridical consequences of constitutional court decisions, and in particular, that of the Constitutional Court. Legal norms have principles that are applied to a wider hierarchy of legal norms and the production of legislation. In essence, the Constitutional Court's rulings have consequences on the actions of the government and therefore the action of governance. Including decision norms in the Constitutional Court's ruling has juridical consequences for the hierarchy of regulations and state legal actions in carrying out the function of government. This article aims to find out how to apply decision norms if there an identical or related decision exists within a different judicial institution. In government institutions bound by the Constitutional Court's decisions, application of decision norms resulted in chaos for the application and enforcement of the law. The implementing agency is faced with the same legal product, namely a verdict in another judicial institution. This causes no legal certainty. Rather than a solution or outcome, implementing agencies are faced with an identical legal response yet no legal certainty. The absence of legal certainty has consequences for government institutions that are bound by the Constitutional Court's decision. By utilizing a hierarchy of legal norms, the issue of rigidity and uncertainty caused by decision norms can be resolved. Likewise, in the legislature, the Constitutional Court's decision is the source of making legal norms. As the Constitutional Court’s decision is the source of legal norm production in the legislature, espousing a hierarchy of legal norms will enable laws and regulations that are formed to reflect justice, certainty and benefit. Keywords: Court Decision, Legal Norms, Government.

Urgensinya Pemilu adalah pentingnya untuk penjaminan hak rakyat yang tercantum dalam konstitusi dibutuhkan MKRI sebagai checks and balances. Penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan doktrin hukum. Hasil Penelitiannya MKRI memiliki peran mewujudkan demokrasi berkeadilan harena memiliki kewenangan pengujian yang fungsinya itu berkaitan dengan prinsip ckeks and balances. Kesimpulan Peran MKRI penting tidak hanya hal perselisihan kuantitatif tetapi juga kualitatif. Hak-hak rakyat yang merupakan kedaulatan rakyat yang dalamnya terdapat prinsip demokrasi akhirnya tergantung pada hakim MKRI dalam hal penanganan upaya yang diajukan warga negara sesuai kewenangannya. Fungsi MKRI dalam sistem pemilu dalam rangka penegakkan demokrasi dan juga negara hukum dapat dilihat dalam proses penanganan sengketa PHPU oleh MKRI. Hakim MKRI yang profesional sebagai the Guardian of Constitution menjaga hak rakyat agar terwujud demokrasi yang berkeadilan. Pertama, sebagai the guardian of constitution dalam system demokrasi di Indonesia dengan menangani PHPU sebagaimana mestinya melindungi hak warga negara yang merupakan salah satu HAM. Kedua, penafsir tunggal konstitusi ketika melakukan penafsiran pada konstitusi untuk PHPU dan hanya MKRI saja yang memiliki kewenangan untuk itu. Ketiga, peran putusan MKRI dalam penegakkan bersifat final and binding terhadap PHPU oleh karena harus dilaksanakan. Hal ini juga secara tidak langsung MKRI melaksanakan fungsinya sebagai pelindung demokrasi.