Introduction:: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a major health problem worldwide. This metabolic disease is indicated by high blood glucose levels due to insufficient insulin production by the pancreas. An inflammatory response occurs as a result of the immune response to high blood glucose levels as well as the presence of inflammatory mediators produced by adipocytes and macrophages in fat tissue. This low and chronic inflammation damages the pancreatic beta cells and leads to insufficient insulin production, which results in hyperglycemia. : Hyperglycemia in diabetes is thought to cause dysfunction of the immune response, which fails to control the spread of invading pathogens in diabetic subjects. Therefore, diabetic subjects are known to more susceptible to infections. The increased prevalence of T2D will increase the incidence of infectious diseases and related comorbidities. Objective: : This review provides an overview of the immunological aspect of T2D and the possible mechanisms that result in increased infections in diabetics. Conclusion: : A better understanding of how immune dysfunctions occur during hyperglycemia can lead to novel treatments and preventions for infectious diseases and T2D comorbidities, thus improving the outcome of infectious disease treatment in T2D patients.

Objective. This study is aimed at investigating if point-of-care testing for HbA1c (POCT-HbA1c) using the HemoCue® HbA1c 501 system could be an alternative method for diabetes screening and monitoring to replace the HbA1c measurement in a standard diagnostic laboratory. Design. This was a cross-sectional study to assess the agreement between POCT and a standard laboratory measurement method for determining the level of HbA1c. Setting and Participants. In total, 108 participants were recruited to participate in this study, consisting of 61 diabetics and 47 nondiabetics. The diabetic group comprised 37 females and 24 males, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and undergoing diabetes treatment at several community health care centres in Bandung, West Java. The nondiabetic group consisted of 15 female and 32 male patients of several community health care centres and healthy volunteers. Sample Collection and Analysis. A venous blood sample was taken for routine HbA1c analysis by the diagnostic laboratory method. For the POCT-HbA1c, a blood sample was taken from the fingertip at the same time and analysed with the HemoCue® HbA1c 501 system. Outcome Measures. The HbA1c results of both methods were compared and analysed with a Bland-Altman agreement plot. The sensitivity and specificity of the POCT-HbA1c data were also compared with those of the standard diagnostic results. Results. Based on the Bland-Altman plot, the HbA1c level for 100 out of 108 (92.59%) subjects analysed by the POCT-HbA1c was within the range of the 95% limit of agreement. Compared with the standard diagnostic assay, the sensitivity of the POCT-HbA1c was 97.83% and its specificity was 77.42%. Conclusions. The high sensitivity and accuracy of POCT-HbA1c indicate that it is a potential method for diabetes screening and monitoring to replace the routine diagnostic laboratory HbA1c measurement, especially when a rapid result is required.

Objective: To find out the pattern of antibiotic utilization in intensive care unit (ICU). The high use of antibiotics in intensive care may increase antibiotic resistance. Methods: This was a retrospective study with total sampling method from patients who were treated in ICU in the period of January to June 2016. Selected data is processed using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification/Defined Daily Dose (DDD) system as an international measurement standard for analyzing and comparing usage applied by the WHO. Results: The results showed that of the 57 medical records collected, the total antibiotic use was 295.72 DDD/100 bed-days. Levofloxacin, meropenem, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and metronidazole were the five maximally utilized antibiotics with 143.18, 49.88, 30.62, 19.74, dan 16.99 DDD/100 bed-days respectively. Conclusion: The most frequently used of antibiotics is ceftriaxone, used in 54.39% of patients. Whereas in number, the most widely used antibiotic is levofloxacin with a total of 143.18 DDD/100 bed-days.

Lifetime blood transfusion experienced by major β-thalassemia patients complicated with iron overload, therefore, may lead to their tissue injury. Ultimately, free toxic iron may alter immune response via dysregulation of immune cell activity producing prolonged effector reaction. Neutrophil as one of the vital innate immune cell despite serves as the first line of defense resulting acute inflammation has a pivotal role in chronic inflammation while releasing the toxic substance that interferes biological processes. This process is initiated by one of them by activation of Fcγ Receptor III (CD16), a neutrophil membrane-bound protein. A cross-sectional laboratory study involving lysed-erythrocyte heparinized whole blood of fifty pediatric major β-thalassemia patients treated with monoclonal antibodies i.e. CD16, CD14, and HLA-DR, dissected into CD16+ and CD16++ population using flow cytometry. Expression of Fcγ Receptor III was measured as Median Fluorescent Intensity (MFI). Hematology and iron status were measured. A correlation analysis was done. MFI of CD16 neutrophil [509.5 (371 – 796.5)] and ferritin level [(3209 µg/L, 1862 – 4564)] was positively correlated (r = 0.4, P = 0.007). Respectively, ferritin and serum iron were found negatively correlated with segmented neutrophils (r = -0.3, P = 0.02; r = -0.3, P = 0.02). Change in CD16 expression may implicate preliminarily neutrophil activation as a response of iron-overloaded tissue and result in chronic inflammation in β-thalassemia patients. However, the maturity of this cell may be altered.  Future study in the understanding of neutrophil-mediated inflammation, particularly related to immune complexes and functionality, is imperative to be explored.

Objective: To determine and describe the antibiotic use pattern in the orthopedics and traumatology ward of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung as a tertiary hospital in West Java, Indonesia. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study using the total sampling method was performed on the medical records of orthopedics and traumatology patients treated using antibiotics during the period of January 1, 2016 and June 31, 2016. Results: From the 261 subjects who met the inclusion criteria, it was discovered that the most common antibiotics used were in the following order: cefazolin (54.41%), ceftriaxone (21.84%), and cefotaxime (10.35%). Most antibiotics (75.86%) were given as prophylaxis. Antibiotics were most often administered for 2-3 days (42.53%), intravenously (97.7%), and with a dose of 2x1 gram (92.16%). Conclusion: The most frequently used antibiotics in the orthoaedics and traumatology ward of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital (RSHS) was cefazolin, which was mostly used as a pre-surgical antibiotic. The use of third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics as pre-surgical antibiotics is still observed during this study.