Mangrove ecosystem is an area with high potential of natural resourceswhich nowadaysremains unexplored. One of them is microorganismsthathidden in the depth of the mangrove sediments. Therefore, this study aims to isolate and characterize mangrove’s sediment bacteria from estuary coast of Pangkajene River, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Sampling activities conducted at 6 stations with 3 different depths, those are 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-45 cm. Microbiological analysis includes microscopic, biochemical and analysis of the abundance of bacterial colonies using Total Plate Count test.From isolation and characterization, it was obtained 35 bacterial isolates consist of 7 different genus, those are Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Vibrio, Macrococcus, Alteromonas, Escherichia, and Listeria. Furthermore, result fromTotal Plate Counttest obtained variedwith the highest abundance of bacterial colonies was found atthe depth of 30-45 cmwith 9.48 x 104CFU.

Parigi Moutong area is known as a destination for craftsmen and small-scale gold mining to get gold grains on rock, soil and river deposits. Gold granules were found in two morphological, there are Northern Hills (MNH) - and Morphology of Southern Hills (MSH), both of these morphologies were controlled by geological structures. The morphology of Northern Hills (MNH) is composed by granite, diorite, andesite non-andesite mineralization of sulphide mineralization, the dominance of the composition of gold granules found in river deposits on the soil. The morphology of the South Hills (MSH) spreads to the terrain and beaches composed by granite, andesite, schist, gneiss, molasses, Tinombo Formation, and the dominance of gold granular concentrations found on the soil. This paper aims to differentiate geochemical characteristics of MNH and MSH on soil and gold grains obtained by panning concentrate methode of river deposit and soil, and predicts the types of primary deposits as a source of gold granules. The difference of gold association is related to the type of placer deposit, i.e the fluvial placer in the soil in the form of a residual deposit bag takes the path of weathering transport of andesite mineralization and fluvial tectonic transported zona brecciated. By normal P-P plot normality test knowing that the type of Au deposit correlates strongly with Cu compared to Pb correlated Au, and Cu increases linearly with Pb. Concentration on soil fluvial weathering and changes is higher than in soil fluvial tectonic transported. The result rotation of the Au, Cu, Pb, Zn matrix components show there are two distributions of strongly correlated variables, namely (1) Au (0.953)-Ag (0.949) and (2) Cu (0.900) -Zn (0.902). Those order correlation is a strong indication of the presence of placer deposit sources as hydrothermal deposits: 1) Au-Cu (2) Au-Zn (3) Cu-PB and (4) epithermal Au-Ag.

The Jeneberang River flows between settlements, rice fields, traditional ports which are located in the southernmost part of Makassar. Regional development and increasing population are anthropogenic as a source of heavy metal input to rivers, and require a sustainable geochemical study of the environment. Study objectives, concentration and spatial distribution, use of sediment samples for grain size and Coupled Plasma-Osiloscope Emission Spectroscopy (ICP–OES) method for trace elements. The average yield of the seven river sediment samples was (Cr)149 mg kg-¹ (Mn)1388.14 mg kg-¹, (Cd)0.74 mg kg-¹, (Cu)54.71 mg kg-¹, (Zn)130.28 mg kg- , (Pb)3675 mg kg-1. The conclusion on the grain size of the sand, it is known that the order is dominated by concentration: Mn>Zn>Cr>Pb=Cu then changes to the grain size of silt clay: Mn>Cr>Zn>Cu>Pb, showing indications of migration, exchange phase and heavy metal enrichment. The order of heavy metal contamination uses the Igeo average value: Cd>Cr=Pb>Mn>Cu>Zn is class 1, namely 0 < Igeo < 1 = not polluted to moderately polluted, and the order of heavy metal enrichment uses EF: Cu (0.64), Mn (0.58), Pb (0.56), Zn (0.73), Cd (0.41), Cr (0.55), generally EF < 2 is deficiency to minimal enrichment. It seems that the heavy metals in the minimum contamination and enrichment criteria which are strengthened by statistical analysis of correlation factors and multiple scatter are Pb and Zn.

Heavy metal elements concentration study has been determined from soils and tailing sediments in laterite nickel post-mining area in Motui District Southeast Sulawesi. This study aimed to determine the concentration of some heavy metal elements, especially Fe, Co, Mn and Cr, from surface soils sediments in waste dump sites and tailing sediments in settling ponds from lateritic nickel post-mining areas. A total of 20 samples consisting of 18 soil samples and 2 tailing sediments samples were systematically collected for the study. The soil samples from the waste dump site profile were collected from 3 layers which were divided based on the colour of the soils from top to bottom, namely Layer C, Layer D and Layer E. Six soil samples were taken from each layer with space between each sample in one layer was about 50 – 60 cm. The samples were sent to the laboratory and analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) method to determine the concentration of heavy elements. Metal-bearing minerals detected from the bedrock consists of chromite, manganese, magnetite and limonite which are responsible for the Cr, Mn and Co, and Fe content, respectively. The result showed that Fe content is significantly higher in soil samples from Layer C and tailing sediments with dark red to brown in colour, suggesting the strong relation between Fe content and colour index. The general element mobility trend showed that Mn and Co are positively correlated in soil sampling from all layers and tailing samples, whereas Fe and Cr show a negative correlation trend in Layer C, D and tailing sediments but positively correlated in Layer E.

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