Some vegetative properties measured in fruit trees are important indicators in examining of plant growth calculation, estimation of leaf area index in evapotranspiration, fertilizer requirement etc. These measurements reflect the effects of the cultivation treatments in many areas of commercial growing and scientific studies. One of the most important measurements is the status of the canopy development. Canopy width, area and volume can be measured with some calculations. However, more technological equipment may be needed to reduce work and labor, and to make the results more precise and clearer. Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles, which have become widespread, have a wide potential for use in agriculture. By using image processing methods, it is possible to make more objective and high accuracy evaluations much faster. In this study, the images of the apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) cultivar Golden grafted onto MM106 rootstock, were taken by light unmanned aerial vehicle to calculate the canopy area and then these images were analyzed using image processing methods for calculating canopy areas. Both circular and elliptical calculation methods were used. The area calculations with image processing methods were compared with the areas obtained manually. Comparisons were made by regression analysis. For the most successful method R value was 0.9662 for elliptic area and 0.9346 for circular area which was calculated by image processing. The results demonstrated that the image processing can be an alternative method to determine the canopy area according to accuracy ratios.

Kızgınlığın yüksek doğrulukla tespiti, ineklerin gebe kalma olasılığını ve dolayısıyla süt üretimini doğrudan etkiler. Sütün çoğu, doğumdan sonra erken laktasyon döneminde elde edilir. Kızgınlık dönemindeki hayvanlar diğerlerinden daha aktiftir. Bu hareketlilik, "pedometre" adı verilen bir test cihazı ile ölçülebilir. Yapay sinir ağları (YSA) modelleri ile tespit edilen hareket değişiklikleri kullanılarak kızgınlık tahmin edilebilir. Bu çalışma, hareket ve çevresel verileri kullanarak sığırlarda kızgınlığı tahmin etmek için bir sinir ağı modelinin etkinliğini oluşturmayı ve değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Özel bir tarım kuruluşunda yedi aylık dönemde 184 kızgınlık gösteren 78 büyükbaş hayvanın hareket verisi ve çalışma dönemindeki iklim verisi elde edilmiştir. İnek yaşı, laktasyon sayısı ve kızgınlıktan sonra geçen gün sayısı gibi veriler de dikkate alınmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. YSA modelleri doğruluk, kesinlik ve F-skorları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. İki katmanlı sınıflandırma ağları, ileri beslemeli sinir ağı modeli için test edilmiştir. Sinir ağı modeline en uygun girdilerin hareket verileri, önceki döneme ait hareket verileri, bir önceki kızgınlıktan sonraki gün sayısı, sıcaklık ve nem olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Birinci katmanda 37 ve ikinci katmanda 40 nöron bulunan iki katmanlı ağ, 0,1775 F-skoru ile en başarılı model olmuştur. Çalışma, iklim verileriyle birlikte hareket verilerinin değerlendirerek kızgınlık tahmininin doğruluğunun arttığını göstermiştir.

There are about 68 types of mulberry fruit with a wide ecological production area. Different mulberry species are grown in large fields in Turkey. Mulberries are largely dried-consumed, but sometimes they are used as fruit juice. In this study, black mulberry fruit was collected in two different ripening levels (semi-ripe and full-ripe) and oven-dried at 50, 60 and 70°C drying temperatures. Initial moisture contents of semi-ripe and full-ripe fruits were determined as 86.74% and 82.95%, respectively. Fruits were dried to have final moisture levels of 10-15%. Drying duration, drying models, effective diffusion, activation energy, specific energy consumption, color parameters and chemical properties of dried fruits were examined and the effect of ripening levels and drying temperatures were investigated. In terms of drying duration, while full-ripe fruits dried in a shorter time, effective diffusion, activation energy and specific energy consumption values were found to be higher than semi-ripe fruits. In terms of color parameters, semi-ripe fruits are recommended to be dried at 50 or 60°C drying temperatures and full-ripe fruits should be dried at 50°C drying temperature for better preservation of color parameters. On the other hand, a common proper drying temperature could not be identified for acidity (pH), water soluble dry matter and titratable acidity.

Beekeeping, which can be established with little capital and can provide strong economic returns, is one of the important branches of animal husbandry. Beekeeping has an important place in Yozgat's agricultural sector with 411 enterprises. At the end of 2019, there are a total of 29,370 beehives in Yozgat. Honey production has been less than the general of Turkey according to the presence of hive. Achieving more efficient production is possible by identifying the problems in the current production. With this study, it was determined the technical and socio-cultural structures of the existing beekeeping enterprises in Yozgat city center and its districts through a survey study. For this purpose, information about the enterprises was obtained from the Yozgat Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry and the Yozgat Beekeepers' Association. A sample of 135 beekeepers was created by examining the data of a total of 411 beekeepers. The survey was conducted with these selected beekeepers. According to the findings, a statistically significant difference was found between beekeeper groups in terms of experience of breeders, ownership of land and honey yield. Therefore, it can be said that the scale of the enterprise has grown in parallel with the increase in the experience of the breeders. Similarly, property land assets increase according to the scale of the enterprise. On the other hand, it is observed that honey yield decreases with the increase in scale in beekeeping enterprises. This means that the efficiency of the enterprises in Yozgat province decreases with the scale growth.

The terrestrial climate is not sufficient to produce enough food to meet the roughage needs of the animals benefiting from the pasture lands because of excessive and early grazing of those areas. Plant growth is adversely affected in pastures that are not uniformly grazed. Tracking animals using the Global Positioning System (GPS) is a very important factor in determining the uniform distribution of grazing animals in a pasture, increasing the utilization rate of the pasture, and saving costs and time. With GPS tracking systems, establishing more effective pasture-use systems by monitoring the feeding regimes of small animals, the status of feed in the pasture, and the grazing behavior of the animals would be possible. The present study aimed to investigate the use of GPS for pasture and herd management in Turkey in addition to using the traditional techniques.In the present study conducted in the village of Köseyusuflu in Yozgat Province in May 2017, 2018, and 2019, grazing benefits that were determined from the pasture containing two Akkaraman sheep herds were recorded using GPS tracking devices. The results suggested that the area covered with vegetation along the sheep’s spring grazing routes varied between 43.6 and 62.9%, the ratio of legumes in the pasture grass in the low grazing areas was between 0.50 and 4.10%, and the grass species were between 12.75 and 44.50%. We determined that the sheep in herd A traveled between 7.6 and 9.9 km, while the sheep in herd B traveled between 4.7 and 5.7 km daily, and the two herds grazed an average of between 122 and 254 daa.