International outreach by schools and colleges of pharmacy is increasing. In this paper, we provide current practice guidelines to establish and maintain successful global/international advanced pharmacy practice experiences (G/I APPEs) with specific recommendations for home/host country and host site/institution. The paper is based on a literature review (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014) in databases and Internet searches with specific keywords or terms. Educational documents such as syllabi and memoranda of understanding (MoUs) from pharmacy programs were also examined. In addition, a preliminary draft was developed and the findings and recommendations were reviewed in a 90-minute roundtable discussion at the 2014 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy Annual Meeting. Recommendations for the host country include travel considerations (eg, passport, visa, air travel), safety, housing, transportation, travel alerts and warnings, health issues, and financial considerations. For the home country, considerations for establishment of G/I APPE site (eg, vetting process, MoU, site expectations) are described. The paper is a resource for development of new G/I APPEs and provides guidance for continuous quality improvement of partnerships focusing on G/I pharmacy education.

The nasal administration route for OND is apparently as effective as the intravenous route. If one considers the limitations of delivering OND orally or intravenously to patients undergoing emetogenic cancer therapy, it becomes obvious that the intranasal route is a potential alternative modality to prevent nausea and vomiting associated with such therapy.

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The use of metered-dose inhalers for the delivery of albuterol, a beta2-selective adrenergic agonist, is associated with drawbacks, especially in children and the elderly. This investigation was designed to assess the effectiveness of albuterol delivered intranasally and to compare this delivery route with intratracheal and intravenous delivery. Three parameters of pulmonary function (peak maximal expiratory flow, maximal expiratory flow at 50% vital capacity, and total lung capacity) in anaesthetized, artificially ventilated guinea pigs were used to determine the degree of protection produced by albuterol against bronchoconstrictor responses provoked by acetylcholine. The heart rate was also measured. Although intranasal albuterol induced a slower protective action during the very initial phase of absorption, the drug was shown to be equally effective when administered either intranasally or intratracheally. In contrast, despite a significant effect initially in the case of intravenous albuterol, its ability to influence pulmonary function faded rather rapidly. No statistically significant differences in heart rate could be detected among the different treatment groups. In conclusion, intranasal albuterol may offer an alternative to metered-dose inhalers for the treatment of acute bronchospasm and for prevention of exercise-induced asthma, especially for children and the elderly.