Parkinson adalah penyakit neurodegeneratif yang meningkat lebih cepat daripada gangguan neurologis lainnya. Saat ini pengobatan Parkinson menggunakan dopamine agonist dan levodopa, namun pengobatan ini memiliki efek samping seperti menurunkan nafsu makan dan tidak berfokus pada pencegahan kematian neuron. Salah satu protein yang berperan dalam patogenesis dari Parkinson adalah protein α-synuclein, di mana agregasi dan misfolding dari protein ini bersifat toksik pada neuron sehingga mendukung progresi Parkinson. Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) yang dikombinasikan dengan amido-bridge nucleic acid (AmNA) diketahui memiliki efek untuk menekan ekspresi mRNA α-synuclein namun hanya sebagian kecil dosis yang terdistribusi ke jaringan target sehingga diperlukan karier yang stabil. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) Dendrimer menjadi pilihan dengan kemampuan menembus Blood Brain Barrier dan menarget organ secara spesifik. Secara khusus, PAMAM Dendrimer Generasi 4 (PAMAM G4) dapat menghambat agregasi protein α-synuclein. Oleh karena itu, mengombinasikan potensi yang dimiliki oleh AmNA-ASO dengan PAMAM Dendrimer Generasi 4 menggunakan larutan HEPES buffer diharapkan mampu menjadi terapi Parkinson yang menjanjikan.

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) has been a global health problem. Current studies have shown that the increased mortality and morbidity in T2DM are related to vascular complications. The vascular complications were caused by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. The increase of ROS in T2DM was influenced by the p38 MAPK pathway which is directly related to the modulation of nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) of endothelium cells. The decrease of NO by eNOS also has a connection with an event known as eNOS uncoupling. The decrease of eNOS plays a role in the pathogenesis of T2DM and its vascular complications such as increased inflammatory pro-cytokine, activation of NADPH pathway, increased of AGEs, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and also the activation of protein kinase c and Rho-kinase pathway. Some interventions indirectly or directly have modulated NO relayed to its work targets such as oral antidiabetic drugs (metformin, sulfonylurea, and acarbose) or some polyphenol compounds such as emodin, α-Lipoic acid, curcumin, and olive oil. Modulation of NO in these interventions can be strong evidence that NO can be a target for further therapy in the management of T2DM and its complications. Keywords: eNOS, vascular complication, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Coronary heart disease is one of the national health problems that gets attention. One of the efforts to develop the treatment of coronary heart disease includes the use of natural ingredients such as soybean seed extract which contains aglycone isoflavones which affect preventing endothelial dysfunction and reducing LDL levels in the blood, where high LDL levels and low HDL levels in the blood are one of the factors. The risk of coronary heart disease. Aglycone isoflavone compounds are non-polar compounds that are difficult to dissolve in water, so they require other ingredients to increase the absorption of aglycone isoflavones, one of which is the Self Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS) formulation that can help improve solubilization and access drug to lymphatic tissueMethods: This experimental study was conducted with a post-test only approach. The research sample used 35 white rats which were divided into the first group which was given a normal diet, the second group which was given a high-fat diet and the third to fifth groups which were given a high-fat diet and the SMEDDS formulation of soybean seed extract. The SMEDDS formulation of soybean seed extract was administered at 200 mg/mL, 300 mg/mL and 400 mg/mL using a probe for seven days, twenty-one days after rats were induced with coronary heart disease with a high-fat diet. The rat blood was then taken for analysis of LDL and HDL levels. Data were analyzed by SPSS for windows.Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference in LDL and HDL levels from each experimental group (p>0.05). This can be caused by the short period of administration of the SMEDDS formulation and the dosage of the formulation that has not been able to provide clinical effects on experimental animals.Conclusion: The SMEDDS formulation of soybean seed extract did not show the ability to reduce LDL lizards or increase HDL levels in rats induced by coronary heart disease.  Pendahuluan: Penyakit jantung koroner merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan nasional yang mendapat perhatian. Salah satu upaya pengembangan pengobatan penyakit jantung koroner meliputi pemanfaatan bahan alami seperti ekstrak biji kedelai yang memiliki kandungan isoflavon aglikon yang memiliki efek untuk pencegahan disfungsi endotel serta penurunan kadar LDL dalam darah, dimana tingginya kadar LDL dan rendahnya kadar HDL dalam darah sendiri merupakan salah satu faktor risiko dari kejadian penyakit jantung koroner. Senyawa isoflavon aglikon sendiri adalah senyawa non polar yang sulit untuk terlarut dalam air sehingga memerlukan bahan lain untuk meningkatkan penyerapan isoflavon aglikon, salah satunya adalah formulasi Self Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS) yang dapat membantu meningkatkan solubilisasi dan akses obat ke jaringan limfatikMetode: Penelitian eksperimental ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan post-test only. Sampel penelitian menggunakan 35 ekor tikus putih yang dibagi menjadi kelompok pertama yang diberikan pakan normal, kelompok kedua yang diberikan pakan tinggi lemak serta kelompok ketiga hingga kelima yang diberikan pakan tinggi lemak dan formulasi SMEDDS ekstrak biji kedelai. Formulasi SMEDDS ekstrak biji kedelai diberikan sebanyak 200mg/mL, 300 mg/mL dan 400 mg/mL dengan menggunakan sonde selama tujuh hari, dua puluh satu hari setelah tikus diinduksi penyakit jantung koroner dengan diet tinggi lemak. Darah tikus kemudia diambil untuk analisis kadar LDL dan HDL. Data dianalisis dengan SPSS untuk windows.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada kadar LDL dan HDL dari tiap kelompok percobaan (p>0,05). Hal ini dapat diakibatkan karena jangka waktu pemberian formulasi SMEDDS yang cukup singkat dan dosis formulasi yang belum dapat memberikan efek klinis terhadap hewan cobaSimpulan: Pemberian formulasi SMEDDS ekstrak biji kedelai tidak menunjukkan kemampuan untuk menurunkan kadal LDL ataupun meningkatkan kadar HDL pada tikus yang diinduksi penyakit jantung koroner

Background: Lung cancer is a disease of the respiratory system that gets special attention because the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that in 2018, lung cancer was the cancer with the highest number of morbidity and mortality rate in the world. There are several types of lung cancer, one of which is adenocarcinoma, which accounts for about 40% of all lung cancers. In its management, cancer cells often develop resistance to EGFR TKI drugs while Cisplatin and Crizotinib have quite dangerous side effects, namely bradycardia to cardiotoxicity.Methods: The method used is a literature review with literature sources in the form of relevant article from search engine such as Pubmed and Google Scholar that contain keyword “ARL4C ASO-1316”, “lung adenocarcinoma”, “PAMAM Dendrimer Generasi 4” and “anti SFTPB antibody”.Result: The ability of ARL4C ASO-1316 in inhibiting the division and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells has been proven in vivo and in vitro so that it can provide hope in the form of new modalities in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. In addition, the combination with the PAMAM Dendrimer G4-Anti SFTPB carrier can increase the ability to deliver ARL4C ASO-1316 to reach target tissues rapidly and can provide maximum effect in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma.Conclusion : Adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation like 4c antisense oligonuclotide-1316 with polyamidoamine dendrimer generation 4-anti surfactant protein b should provide novel approaches and new insights for lung adenocarcinoma.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the four priority non-communicable diseases according to WHO. WHO data in 2015 showed that as many as 415 million people in the world suffer from type 2 diabetes mellitus. Even in Indonesia in 2013, the prevalence of people with diabetes has increased to 6.9%. Currently, the most common treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus is the administration of metformin. However, long-term administration will cause lactic acidosis and kidney damage. Because of this, new alternatives are needed that minimize the side effects, for example by using herbal ingredients. Cyanidin is a natural flavonoid that has the effect of increasing insulin sensitivity and secretion.   Discussion: Cyanidin has the potential to increase insulin receptor sensitivity and increase insulin secretion. To increase insulin sensitivity, cyanidin can inhibit the downregulation of Glut4 expression and decrease the level of RBP 4 expression. As an increase in insulin secretion Cyanidin increases the expression of GLUT2, Kir6.2, and Cav1.2 genes that play a role in insulin secretion. Unfortunately, Cyanidin has low bioavailability and is unstable. Therefore, Cyanidin encapsulation will increase the availability of cyanidin in the blood and is easily concentrated into pancreatic cells Conclusion: The Fc-modified Cyanidin PLGA-PEG combination has the potential to be a new alternative in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Cyanidin, Fc-modified Cyanidin PLGA-PEG