In this study, polymorphism in ipa genes was found in five out of nine EIEC serotypes studied. When SalI and HindII were used in RFLP-PCR assays many EIEC serotypes showed polymorphism in ipaB and ipaD. On the other hand, no polymorphism was observed in ipaA and ipaC in these strains. The polymorphism present in EIEC strains is serotype-dependent, since restriction patterns were conserved amongst strains belonging to the same serotype. When IpaB deduced amino acid sequences of S. flexneri M90T and FBC124-13 were compared, ten amino acids changes could be observed mainly in the amino-terminal region. The deduced EIEC IpaD amino-acid sequence presented 91% similarity with the Shigella strain. In this case, amino acid changes were spread out through the whole structure, except in the carboxyl-terminal region.

The incidence of Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas spp. and Plesiomonas shigelloides was determined in water samples from Cambe  Stream. The samples were collected from seven different sites. The serogroups, virulence markers and drug resistance pro®les were also evaluated. Twelve Aer. hydrophila, 12 Aer. caviae, eight Aer. sobria, seven Ple. shigelloides and two V. cholerae non-O1 were isolated. They belonged to different serogroups and all produced haemolysis in different assays. Five of the Aeromonas strains and one of V. cholerae non-O1 were positive for enterotoxin activity. Haemagglutination and its inhibition, using erythrocytes of different origins, was variable for Aeromonas spp. and V. cholerae, while none of the Ple. shigelloides haemagglutinated in association with any type of erythrocyte. All isolates exhibited multiple drug resistance. These results indicate that the occurrence of V. cholerae non-O1, Aeromonas spp. and Ple. shigelloides, in water used for vegetable irrigation, human recreation and animal consumption, among others, represents a potential risk for humans.

Introduction: Syphilis is an infectious disease that has vertical transmission. If left untreated, it can lead to severe neurological problems, seizures, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and learning problems in the baby. Objective: To carry out epidemiological investigations to monitor cases of syphilis and treat infected pregnant women early. Methods: This study statistically analyzes and describes the cases of congenital syphilis in São Paulo between 2010 and 2020 through data obtained by the Information System of Notifiable Diseases (SINAN). Results: The total number of cases of syphilis during pregnancy was 81,401 and 30,665 (37.67%) evolved to congenital syphilis. From 2010 to 2020, the percentage change in the number of annual cases was 169.94%. Among the metropolitan regions, São Paulo had the highest incidence (55.67%). The mother diagnosis occurred during prenatal care in 59.59% of cases; At the time of delivery or curettage: 33.19%; after delivery: 4.67% Ignored/ blank: 2.26%; Regarding skin color/ethnicity there is 18.36% (ignored in the research); White: 44.13%; Black: 4.26%; Yellow: 0.16%; Brown: 32.87%; Indigenous: 0.19%. Data on the mother’s education show that 22.09% have incomplete elementary school; 10.93% completed elementary school; 13.19% have incomplete secondary education; 19.58% have completed secondary education; 1.06% have incomplete higher education and 1.18% have completed higher education; Ignored/blank: 30.79%. The data found that 17.34% did not realize prenatal care. Besides, 66.88% of partners did not realize treatment. Conclusion: Cases of congenital syphilis are associated with lower maternal education, and white and brown skin color, thus being associated with greater social vulnerability. The growing increase in cases of congenital syphilis shows a public health problem and failures in prenatal care and treatment follow-up.

RESUMO Manejo clínico da infecção por Candida auris: uma revisão integrativa  Introdução: A Candida auris tem se apresentado como um fungo altamente virulento e com importante capacidade de resistência. É considerado um fungo emergente, oportunista e agente de  infecções com altas taxas de mortalidade. Seus mecanismos de resistência e plasticidade morfológica são ferramentas que auxiliam esse fungo em sua disseminação. Colonizando em especial a pele e fômites hospitalares por longos períodos de tempo, faz de pacientes imunodebilitados seu alvo. Objetivo: Prover informações sobre o manejo clínico no tratamento por infecção de C. auris, além de expor os mecanismos de resistência contra os principais antifúngicos disponíveis, medidas de controle hospitalar e o tipo de população mais vulnerável a essa infecção fúngica. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa com a síntese de artigos pesquisados nas bases de dados PubMed, BVS e SciELO no período de 2021-2023. Foram selecionados artigos que objetivavam estratégias terapêuticas e manejo clínico do paciente infectado pela C. auris. Resultados: Oito artigos foram selecionados para compor essa revisão, após a leitura e exclusão de duplicadas. Os artigos versavam sobre o delineamento de estudos experimentais, coorte, relatos de casos, além de outras revisões. A base de dados que mais contribuiu para a pesquisa foi a PubMed. Conclusão: O uso de antifúngicos derivados das equinocandinas demonstrou-se ser a primeira linha de tratamento para os casos dessa infecção fúngica para todas as cepas atualmente identificadas. Além disso, medidas de assepsia e higienização do paciente infectado no ambiente hospitalar devem ser priorizadas nos casos confirmados.