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This study aimed to assess the effects of age on testicular morphometry and function in donkeys. Testes and epididymides of 57 donkeys were harvested immediately after slaughtering. The donkeys were grouped: young (1-4 years old, n = 13); adult (5-15 years old, n = 25) and aged (>15 years old, n = 19). Each testis and epididymis were weighed separately. Testicular volume was calculated. Epididymal sperm was harvested by retrograde flushing method, and sperm parameters were evaluated.The testicular parenchyma was immunolabelled for BAX and COX2. Adult and aged donkeys had greater testicular weight and volume than young (p < .05). Epididymal sperm concentration, motility and viability were greater (p < .05) in adults and aged (931.8 ± 39.3 and 858.2 ± 33.2 × 10 6 /ml) than in young animals (316.3 ± 72.8 × 10 6 /ml).Aged donkeys had a higher percentage of morphological sperm defects than the other categories (p < .05). Histological examination revealed the presence of age-related degenerative changes in testicular tissue of donkeys. Aged donkeys had higher COX2 protein expression than adult and young donkeys. BAX protein was overly expressed in adults than aged or young animals. In conclusion, advancement of age affects the testicular morphometry and function in donkeys.

A quaculture is one of the significant monetary applications and vital sources of protein for human consumption (Hayatgheib et al., 2020). Fish is a an extremely nourishing food that contains various fundamental supplements like omega3, vitamin D, iodine, and calcium. Also, they are viewed as a source of profits in all countries (FAO, 2020). Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is the 2 nd aquaculture type in the world and has a high tolerance to environmental changes, so it is viewed as the principal candidate for creating aquaculture in unusual water sources (Brum et research Article Abstract | A feeding trial for 4 weeks was performed to estimate the impacts of dietary garlic oil and/or ginger oil on the growth performance, physiological responses, and gene expression of Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). A 180-healthy Nile tilapia having an average weight of 50.0±2.24 g was randomly distributed into 6 groups (30 fish/ group/three replicates) as the following: T1 (control group) nourished with the basal diet only, T2 given the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% garlic oil, T3 given the basal diet supplemented with 1% garlic oil, T4 given the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% ginger oil, T5 given the basal diet supplemented with 1% ginger oil, and T6 given the basal diet supplemented with a mixture of 0.5% garlic and 0.5% ginger oil. The fish group received ginger oil in its diet at a 0.5% rate (T4) showed a significant increase of growth performance (overall body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate) with a lower feed conversion ratio. Besides, garlic oil supplementation on fish diet at a 0.5% rate (T2) improved the overall body weight. The plasma biochemical parameters results indicate that garlic oil and/or ginger oil supplementation on the Nile tilapia diet at different levels raises markedly raises the T4 hormone level and reduces total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. Moreover, administration of 1% garlic oil and ginger oil (T3 and T5 respectively) and both of them (T6) to the diet of Nile tilapia significantly (P<0.05) reduces the plasma urea and uric acid concentration. The results of gene expression showed that TNF-α and IL-1β genes expression was the highest in the fish supplemented with 1% ginger oil (T5). It is concluded that garlic and/or ginger oil supplementation to the fish diet enhances growth as well as immunostimulant agents and improves the general health of Nile tilapia.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of body condition score (BCS) on testicle and epididymis biometrics, semen characteristics and testosterone level in Egyptian Jack. This study was conducted on 50 mature Jacks divided according to their body condition score into four groups: Poor (G1), moderate (G2), good (G3) and fat (G4). The complete testis was collected immediately after execution in the Giza Zoo abattoir; then, the epididymis was carefully dissected at the testicular junction. Biometrical measures including length, weight and volume were determined for the right and left testis and epididymis. Also, epididymal sperm was collected from all examined animas and evaluated for sperm concentration, progressive motility, viability and sperm abnormalities. Serum samples were collected for determination of total testosterone level. Results showed that the body condition score of the examined animal affects their biometrical measure of testicles and epididymis. There is a significant decrease (p < .05) in biometrical measures for the testicles and epididymis, sperm concentration, motility, viability and testosterone level in poor BCS animals (G1). The highest values were recorded in Good BCS (G3) Jacks. Conclusion: Jacks with good BCS (G3) should be selected for breeding activity in donkey.