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Edku Lake Proximate body Human risk assessmentThe Egyptian government seeks to develop the northern wetlands, including Edku Lake in El Beheira Governorate, to enhance the physiological functions of fish, and thus, improve their quality and promote their products. Therefore, this study was performed on the two cheapest fish species Tilapia zillii and Clarias gariepinus in the Egyptian market, by studying proximate body composition, antioxidant enzyme activity, and bioaccumulation of five trace elements. In this study, T. zillii showed the highest mean of carbohydrates (16.11± 0.67 mg/g), fats (24.21 ± 0.93mg/g), ash (7.33 ±1.00 %), and water content (78.33 ± 1.85 %) whereas, the highest mean of protein content was recorded in C. gariepinus (64.33 ±1.01 mg/g). Antioxidants glutathione reduced level (GSH) (41.66 ± 2. 01 mg/g) and catalase activity (CAT) (21.66 ± 2.6 U/g) demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the liver of C.gariepinus than T. zillii (47.83 ± 3.6 mg/g and 38.16 ± 4.2 U/g, respectively). Concerning trace element concentrations, the highest arsenic (As) concentration was recorded in tissues of C. gariepinus (1.54 ± 0.08 μg/g), whereas, the lowest mercury (Hg) concentration was recorded in the tissues of T.zillii (0.47 ± 0.08 μg/g). The concentrations of mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the two studied fish species exceeded the limits permitted by EOSQC, FAO/WHO, and the EU'. This study recorded that the children should consume less than 16.12857 g/day or 112.90 g/week of T. zillii muscle and 13.27 g/day or 92.92 g/week of C. gariepinus muscle. Moreover, youth should consume less than 43.01 g/day or 301.7g/ week of T. zillii muscle and 35.39714 g/day or 247.78 g/week of C. gariepinus muscle. Finally, adults should consume less than 23.1 g/day and 161.7 g/week of T.zillii muscle, and 61.94286 g/day or 433.6 g/week of C. gariepinus muscle to maintain their safety based on PTWI recommended by FAO/WHO. Abdel-Kader et al., 2021Fish considered a significant component of a balanced, healthy diet containing high-quality proteins, vitamins, and several other essential nutrients (Pieniak et al., 2010). Moreover, fish is a major source of polyunsaturated omega 3 fatty acids (PUFAs) whose benefits reduce inflammatory diseases, coronary heart disease, cancer, arterial hypertension, and contributes to normal neurodevelopment in children (Mozaffarian and Wu, 2011; Swanson et al., 2012). Furthermore, the American Heart Association has recommended fish consumption at least twice a week to achieve daily consumption of omega-3 fatty acids (Kris-Etherton et al., 2002).Tilapia and African catfish are commercially valuable fish because, in several African countries, including Egypt, they are considered a cheap food source (Olmedo et al., 2013). Catfish and tilapia species contribute to over 80% of Lake Edku production (GAFRD 2012). These fish species seem to have been acclimatized to the prevailing conditions and to be able to survive, forming the main fish population in the lake.In living organisms, ...

The Egyptian government seeks to develop the northern lakes, including Edku Lake in the El Beheira governorate, to enhance the physiological functions of fish, and thus, improve their quality and promote their products. Therefore, this study was performed on the two cheapest fish species T. zillii and C. gariepinus in the Egyptian market, by studying proximate body composition, antioxidant enzyme activity, and bioaccumulation of some trace elements. In this study, T. zillii showed the highest mean of carbohydrates (16.11± 0.67 mg/g), fats (24.21 ± 0.93mg/g), ash (7.33 ±1.00 %), and water content (78.33 ± 1.85 %) whereas, the highest mean of protein content was recorded in C. gariepinus (64.33 ±1.01 mg/g). Antioxidant activity GSH (41.66 ± 2.01mg/g), CAT (21.66 ± 2.6 U/g), GPx (36.5 ± 3.01 mU/L), and GR (41.16 ± 1.0 U/L) in the liver of T. zillii demonstrated insignificant decrease, except GSH and CAT was significant at (p < 0.05). SOD activity showed an insignificant decrease in T. zillii (47±3.5 U/g). Concerning trace element concentrations, C. gariepinus demonstrated an increase in five trace elements than T. zillii. The abundance of the elements is in the order as Hg< Al < Cd <Pb < As in T. zillii and C. gariepinus muscles. The highest As was recorded in C. gariepinus (1.54 ± 0.08 μg/g), whereas, the lowest Hg was recorded in T.zillii (0.47 ± 0.08 μg/g). In this research, the concentrations of the trace element in the two studied fish species were above the limits permitted by EOSQC, FAO/WHO, and the EU'. The estimated weekly intake (EWI) of the elements concentrated in the two fish species was unsafe for young people (40 Kg), and children (15 Kg), whereas it was safe for consumption by adults (70 kg) with advice on safe levels of consumption for C. gariepinus for adults. So, this study recommended that the children should consume less than 16.12857 g/day or 112.90 g/week T.zillii muscle and 13.27 g/day or 92.92 g/week C. gariepinus muscle. Moreover, Youth should consume less than 43.01 g/day or 301.7g/ week T.zillii muscle and 35.39714 g/day or 247.78 g/week C. gariepinus muscle. Finally, adult should consume less than 23.1 g/day and 161.7 g/week T.zillii muscle, and 61.94286 g/day or 433.6 g/week C. gariepinus muscle to maintain their safety.