Authors' Contribution RA conceived and designed the project and wrote the article. AA and SA performed the experimental work. ZH analysed the data. SA and AS codrafted the manuscript.

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Breast cancer remains a leading cause of women’s death worldwide with progressive emergence of resistance towards approved chemotherapies. For this reason, new complementarytreatments have been sought. One of those includethe use of a phytobiological mixture against different types of malignancies, including but not limited to breast cancer. Herein, we investigated the anti-proliferative effects of a novel phytobiological mixture (PB)against two breast cancer cell lines :MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7.The PB mixture is composed of the following: quercetin, resveratrol, cruciferex, epigallocatechin-3-gallate and curcumin at different proportions. Theanti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of PB were evaluated at non-cytotoxic concentrations as determined usingthe Sulfa-Rhodamine B assay (SRB).The effects of PB on the induction of apoptosis were valuated using Annexin-V and flow cytometry to measure the resultingDNA fragments. The results showed that at 72hrs, PB had cytotoxic effects against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells with an IC50’s of 25.8±5.4 µg/ml and 56.9±4.2 µg/ml, respectively. Exposure of MDA-MB-231 to PB for 72hrs resulted in the induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. PB concentrations of 10 µg/ml and 30 µg/ml, resulted in early programmed cell death of 9.1±1.5% and 22.1±1.8% respectively. Exposure to PB (10 µg/ml for 24 hrs) resulted in mild cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase20.3±0.3% ;while higher dosesshowed a significant cell cyclearrest at theS-phaseas compared to the control untreated cells (p<0.001). However, exposure to PB for 48 hrs at both doses,10 µg/ml and30 µg/ml,resulted in a significant cell cycle arrest at the S-phase 25.3±1.6% and 20.5± 0.4%respectivelyas compared to the control untreated cells 12.4±1.5% (p<0.001). In conclusion, PB was found to have a promising anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect in breast cancer cell lines. Further studies are needed to address the underlying mechanism of action of PB against breast cancer cell lines. Citation Format: Afnan A. Alqarni, Aliaa A. Alamoudi, Ghada M. Ajabnoor, Ahmed M. Al-Abd, Aleksandra Niedwiecki, Matthias Rath, Steve Harakeh. Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis by a novel phytobiological mixture against breast cancer cell lines [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4208. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4208

In an era where global trade has developed along with the massive number and expansion of knowledge, the necessity of exchanging knowledge and international business has continuously increased. This is in light of international business organizations’ intellectual capital, which propels them into global competition and provides them with a competitive advantage if utilized properly. The purpose of this research is to examine and assess two topics, namely, knowledge sharing and international business, as well as their location in research studies, importance, definitions and histories of those terms, and research interests for each one of these two dimensions. The review focused on the topic of knowledge sharing in international business organizations, with analysis and discussion of the most important research, studies, and trends along three axes: knowledge sharing, international business organizations, and earlier studies. The study concluded that knowledge sharing is an essential aspect of knowledge management since it connects the previous processes of acquiring knowledge capital to the subsequent processes of application and practice, which is especially important for international business organizations that need to benefit from knowledge in a variety of ways. In addition to the scarcity of studies that coupled knowledge sharing and international business, there is a great scope for developing models and applications in this field of study. We were unable to find studies that combined the two themes through research, but they were implicitly addressed within the research to highlight the importance of knowledge sharing in international business, and this is what motivates more research in this field due to the shortcoming of studies on the subject. It seemed to be that the essential element to organizational innovation is knowledge development and sharing.

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