Objective: To find out the causative factors for rising rate of ectopic pregnancy in young women at periphery. Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Maula Bakhsh Teaching Hospital ( Obstetrical and gynaecological unit) Sargodha , from January 2008 – December 2008. Patients and Methods: All patients who were presented in labour room emergency and gynaecological out patients department with confirmed diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy on USG were included in the study. A pre-formed proforma was used to record the details about the demographic features, pre-existing risk factors for ectopic pregnancy, clinical features at presentation and management. Results: Frequency of ectopic pregnancy was too high in our study compared to international studies. Majority of patients were young and nullipara. Leading risk factor is pelvic inflammatory disease due to septic induced abortion. 92% of patients had acute presentation. Conclusions: Rising rate of ectopic pregnancy was found in young, nulliparous women secondary to pelvic inflammatory disease. The frequency can be reduced by awareness of reproductive health care, liberal contraceptive utilization, acceptable adequate planned family. Early diagnosis and timely referral may be helpful in treating the patients prior to tubal rupture with decreased morbidity and mortality.

Objectives: Antepartum Hemorrhage is bleeding from or into the genital tract from the period of viability of fetus (28 weeks) till the end of second stage of labor. Antepartum hemorrhage is associated with a very high perinatal mortality rate. We present our experience of perinatal outcomes in cases of antepartum hemorrhage with the aim of highlighting the cause of antepartum hemorrhage and the adverse outcomes. Study Design: Descriptive Cross sectional study. Setting: Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Sargodha Medical College, Sargodha. Period: Jan 2018 to Jun 2018. Material and Methods: Ninety six pregnant patients between ages of 15-45 years diagnosed as cases of antepartum hemorrhage were enrolled. Patients with coagulation disorders, twin pregnancies, abnormal lie or presentation, previous scar and any known congenital anomaly. Cause of antepartum hemorrhage and mode of delivery was recorded. Perinatal outcomes were determined in terms of frequencies of perinatal mortality, stillbirth and low birthweight babies. Results: The etiology of antepartum hemorrhage in our setup was placenta previa (43.75%); placental abruption (37.5%); Toxemia (10.41%) and unclassified causes in 8.33% patients. The perinatal mortality rate was 43.75% in our study. The overall frequency of low birthweight babies and stillbirth was 62.5% and 27.08% respectively. Conclusion: Antepartum hemorrhage is a major cause of perinatal mortality in our country. A prompt diagnosis of the cause followed by early cesarean section can help reduce the overall mortality.

Objective: To compare metformin and oral contraceptive pills in terms of mean change of serum testosterone levels and body mass index in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Study Design: Quasi experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sargodha Medical College, Sargodha Pakistan, from Apr to Dec 2019. Methodology: A total of 64 patients presenting with polycystic ovarian syndrome between 15-35 years were included. All patients were divided into two groups i.e. group 1 received oral contraceptive pills, and group 2 received metformin. Patients were clinically evaluated at baseline and 6 months after initial presentation to address the primary aim of evaluating the change in mean serum testosterone levels and body mass index after treatment. Results: The mean age of patients was 20.30 ± 4.92 years. The mean body mass index of patients at presentation was 30.32 ± 2.66 kg/m2. The mean reduction in the level of testosterone in group 1 was 5.14 ± 0.35ng/ml while in group 2 it was 2.58 ± 0.41 ng/ml (p˂ 0.001) which was statistically significant. Mean decrease in body mass index in group 1 was 1.51 ± 0.71 kg/m2 while in group 2 was 1.29 ± 0.46 kg/m2 (p=0.148) which was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Oral contraceptive pills were better than metformin in terms of mean decrease in serum testosterone levels in women presenting with polycystic ovarian syndrome while the mean reduction in body mass index in both the groups was similar.