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More than one million new patients suffer from breast cancer annually in the world. In developed countries, breast cancer is the most common malignancy diagnosed among women, and in developing regions, it often ranks second to cervical cancer. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between incidence of breast cancer and reproductive factors in North-West of Iran. This retrospective analytical control-case study was conducted with 235 breast cancer patients and 235 women in the control group. Data collection tools included a set of questions with interviews and patient medical records. Data were analyzed using statistical tests: t-test, Chi-square, Fisher, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Significantly increased risks were associated between breast cancer and older age at first pregnancy, age at menopause and history of contraceptive use. A trend for decreasing risk were observed with increasing parity. Findings of this study showed no association between breast cancer and age at menarche. The study results suggested that physiological and reproductive factors may play important roles in the development breast cancer among Iranian women.

Pregnancy is among the most sensitive and important stages in the life of parents, and childbirth is an important event in a woman's life. The duration of labour varies in different women and is affected by factors such as age, parity, foetal size and maternal weight (Chen et al., 2018).A prolonged first stage of labour entails complications such as compressed foetal head in the birth canal, lower neonatal Apgar score and foetal death (Allen et al., 2007). A prolonged second stage of labour is associated with increased frequency of caesarean section, tearing of the birth canal and damage to the perineal muscles (Brown et al., 2011). Moreover, a prolonged delivery is also associated with many other maternal complications such as uterine atony and increased maternal mortality, and foetal complications such as foetal distress and reduced foetal Apgar score (Direkvand-Moghadam & Rezaeian, 2012). Given that maternal and neonatal complications increase with the duration

Induction of labor by using available, inexpensive and non-invasive methods with the least side effects is particularly important. A systematic review was conducted to assess the effect of evening primrose oil on cervical ripening in term pregnancies. In this systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials, a search was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Ovid, Scopus, Clinical Trials.gov, Google Scholar and Persian databases (Magiran, SID, and IRCT.ir) for published related articles without any time limit. The Cochrane handbook was used to determine the risk of bias of the included articles. The obtained data were analyzed in RevMan and reported in forest plots. The Odds Ratio (OR) was used to find the effect of the dichotomous data and the Mean Difference (MD) for the continuous data. The heterogeneity of the studies was assessed using I2, T2 and Chi2. The random effect was used instead of fixed effect if I2 >40%. A total of 28 titles and abstracts were extracted, 9 articles entered into the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results showed significant differences between EPO and control groups in terms of bishop score (MD=1.32; 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.66), reducing caesarean section rate (OR= 0.61; 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.86), duration of first stage of labor (MD= -98.67; 95% CI: -140.98 to -56.38) and duration of second stage of labor (MD= -10.98; 95% CI: -21.86 to -0.09). There were no significant differences in terms of birth weight (MD= 100.97; 95% CI: -11.91 to 213.84) and the frequency of induction with oxytocin (OR= 0.53; 95% CI: 0.27 to 1.01). It seems evening primrose oil be effective for cervical ripening, reducing cesarean section rate and shortening the duration of labor. Due to the high heterogeneity of the studies, the researchers recommend further researches on the subject using a standard tool based on the CONSORT statement.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, comprising a third of all cancers in women. Used by millions of women on daily basis, contraceptives are a potential risk in incidence of cancer. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between incidence of cancer and use of contraceptive pills. Materials and methods:This is a retrospective analytical control-case study conducted on 235 breast cancer patients and 235 women in the control group. Data collection tools included a set of questions in the form of interviews and patients' medical records. Data were analyzed using statistical tests: t-test, Chi-square, Fisher, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results:The results indicated a significant relationship between breast cancer and history of contraceptive use, and also age at onset of use. However, the relationship between breast cancer and age at discontinuation of use, pattern of use, or interval since last use was insignificant. Discussion and conclusion:The study results showed a significant relationship between breast cancer and contraceptive use (OR=2.11). Contraceptive use doubled the incidence of breast cancer. Findings of this study can be used as a guide for care and screening planning for contraceptive users.