Upper urinary tract abnormalities are relatively common and may be diagnosed before or at birth. Some cases will be seen during complications that most often are obstructive. We herein report one case of complete right ureter duplication revealed by sepsis. The case involved one little girl aged 3 years, referred from a peripheral health center for prolonged fever. Physical examination found out a right flank mass connecting with the lumbar spine, renal ballottement, and pain due to a blow to the right flank. Further explorations helped establish the diagnosis of complete duplication of the right ureter with the destruction of the upper renal pelvis. Little girl benefitted from a dual antibiotic therapy combined with partial nephrectomy of the right kidney upper pole. Infectious are serious complications in upper urinary tract obstructions resulting in kidney destruction; therefore, early diagnosis is required.

Introduction: Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is the best strategy for fighting pediatric HIV in developing countries. This study's main objective was to describe the outcome of children born to HIV positive mothers, attended and followed up through the PMTCT program in the Borgou/Alibori Regional University Teaching Hospital (CHUD-Borgou/Alibori) from 2005 to 2015. Secondly, it aimed to identify factors associated with mother-to-child transmission of HIV at 18 months of age. Patients and Methods: This research work is a cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive and analytical study of a cohort of children born to HIV-infected mothers and followed up in the pediatric ward of the Borgou/Alibori Regional University Teaching Hospital. It was conducted from May to December 2016 on the basis of data retrieval from medical records and registers. Results: Total of 1234 children was included in the study. Exclusive breastfeeding was the main source of nutrition for 91.6% of children. Antiretroviral prophylaxis was received by 82.7% of children at birth. 49.4% of the 1234 children (610/1234) were followed up till 18 months of age; 36.5% were lost to follow-up and 4.1% died. Overall rate of mother-to-child HIV transmission was 5.6% (34/610), of which 1.8% (9/509) was among children who received antiretroviral prophylaxis at birth. Two predictive factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV were found: absence of clean and safe childbirth and lack of antiretroviral prophylaxis in children at birth. Conclusion: Improved antenatal care quality and efficient childbirth management with early mothers' adherence to pediatric follow-up may help reduce vertical HIV transmission in this study environment.

authors suggested higher risk mortality among those children [1,5]. Since 2012, Benin has taken action in eliminating MTCT. The residual risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV is currently estimated at 6.2% at national level [6].The pediatric unit of Borgou/ Alibori Regional Teaching Hospital in Northern Benin has been carrying PMTCT activities since 2005 with an ever-rising active population of exposed children. After more than a decade of activity, the authors focused on the survival at 5 years of HIV-exposed children and its associated factors.Introduction: HIV prevention emergence has significantly helped in reducing the risk of Mother-to-child transmission. This work is aimed at determining the survival rate at 5 years of HIV-exposed children follow up in the pediatric unit of Borgou/Alibori Regional Teaching Hospital in Northern Benin Republic. Patients and Methods: It was a descriptive cohort study with an analytical purpose covering five years from 2011 to 2016. It involved 121 HIV-exposed children. Kaplan-Meier method was used to make an estimation of survival probabilities. Survival trends were compared with Log-rank test. Cox regression test was used to identify the factors associated with child deaths. Results: On inclusion, the mean age for children was 35 days ±6 days and sex ratio estimated at 1.58. Survival rate at 5 years was 81%. Survival probability at 18 months and 60 months was 0.8264 and 0.8099, respectively. Deaths involved 23 children (19%). Factors associated with deaths were maternal age between 20 and 25 years (p=0.024), trade as mother's profession (p<0.01), irregular follow-up (p<0.001) and positive PCR (p<0.001). Conclusion:In order to ensure better survival of HIV-exposed child, it is necessary to improve PMTCT quality. Patients and Methods Type of study, Survey period and Study populationThis work is a descriptive and analytical cohort monitoring study. The survey was carried out over a three-month period running from April 1 to June 30, 2017. It involved children born to HIV-positive mothers followed up within the framework of PMCT in the pediatric unit of Borgou/Alibori Regional Teaching Hospital between January 2010 and December 31, 2011, and who have reached 5 years of age.

Introduction: In countries with high mortality, as in sub-Saharan Africa, approximately half of the neonatal deaths are attributable to infections. This study aimed to investigate the trends in frequency and lethality of neonatal infections in the University Teaching Hospital of Parakou (CHU-P), from 2010 to 2016. Patients and methods: This research work is a cross-sectional and descriptive study with retrospective collection of data carried out in the CHU-P Pediatric Unit during the period running from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2016. It involved newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit during the study period. Main variables were related to neonatal infections. Results: During the study period, 6204 newborns were registered, including 3530 boys and 2674 girls i.e. a sex ratio of 1.32. Mean age for newborns was 6.01 ± 5.39 days. Average frequency of neonatal infection (NNI) was 54.11%, oscillating between 48.87% in 2010 and 56.91% in 2015. Average lethality or mortality rate was estimated at 26.30%, with extremes of 21.12% in 2013 and 31.58% in 2012. Conclusion: More than 5 out of 10 children hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit between 2010 and 2016 were diagnosed with a neonatal infection and one out of five newborns died of it. This sometimes justifies the excessive use of antibiotics. Prospective study with appropriate diagnostic tools is necessary to take stock of the actual status of neonatal infection in the hospital's neonatal intensive care unit.