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Phenolic compounds were extracted from European and Japanese grapevine species (Vitis vinifera and V. coignetiae) seeds using 80% methanol or 80% acetone. The total content of phenolic compounds was determined utilizing Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent, while the content of tannins was assayed by the vanillin and BSA precipitation methods. Additionally, the DPPH free radical and ABTS cation radical scavenging activities and the reduction power of the extracts were measured. The HPLC method was applied to determine the phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids and catechins. The seeds contained large amounts of tannins and gallic acid and observable quantities of catechins, p-coumaric, ferulic and caffeic acids. The dominant form of phenolic acids in the extracts was the ester-bound form. The content of total phenolics was higher in the European grape V. vinifera seeds, which also contained more tannins, catechins and phenolic acids, except for caffeic acid. Extracts from V. vinifera seeds showed better radical scavenger properties and stronger reducing power. The total contents of phenolic compounds and tannins in acetone extracts were higher than in methanolic extracts. Acetone extracts also exhibited stronger antiradical properties as well as stronger reducing power.

The existing knowledge on the bull seminal vesicle proteome, a major seminal plasma constituent, and its relationship with seminal plasma is limited. This knowledge is prerequisite for a better understanding of seminal plasma variability, which is linked to semen quality. The objective of this study was to characterize the proteomes of seminal vesicle fluid and seminal plasma and to compare them to better understand the origin of seminal plasma proteins. We collected ejaculates and seminal vesicle fluid postmortem from 6 mature Holstein Friesian bulls. We performed the analysis and identification of proteins using 2-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. We identified 105 proteins in bull seminal vesicle fluid and 88 proteins in seminal plasma. For both seminal vesicles and seminal plasma proteins described in our study, top biological functions were cellular movement, cell death and survival, and cellular growth and proliferation. Additionally, seminal vesicle fluid proteins were involved in protein degradation and synthesis. Seminal plasma proteins were also involved in cellular assembly and organization and cell-to-cell signaling and interactions. Proteins of both fluids were involved in the following canonical pathways: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, liver X receptor/farnesoid X receptor, and farnesoid X receptor/retinoid X receptor activation. Additionally, seminal vesicle fluid proteins appeared to be involved in oxidative stress response mediated by nuclear factor E2-related factor 2. Our results described the bull seminal vesicle fluid proteome for the first time and allowed for significant expansion of the current knowledge on the bull seminal plasma proteome. Moreover, analysis indicated that both bull seminal vesicle fluid and seminal plasma proteomes contained interconnected protein groups related to protective functions, glycolysis, and the morphology and physiology of the spermatozoa. These proteins and their interactions could be targeted in future research.