In recent years decrease in physical activity (PA) amongst school children have been highlighted. The World Health Organization recommends daily moderate to vigorous PA for this age group for at least 60 minutes. Maintaining proper PA level contributes to numerous health benefits and proper children's development stimulation. School recess allows pupils to meet the recommended physical activity guidelines, it can as well be crucial for their social and emotional development, increased learning effectiveness, reduced tension and school stress. The following element is listed among factors determining the quality and level of school recess: space available for pupils meaning a place where they can move freely and safely (run, play). Therefore, this research attempts to define what is the relation between the type of school recess resulting from available free time space for children and pupils' physical activity level during this recess. 113 grade 2 and 3 pupils from the local elementary school participated in the research (66 girls and 47 boys). Their physical activity undertaken spontaneously during school recess was the main point of observation. Two types of 10-minute school recess were analyzed: 1) the one spent in a classroom 2) the one spent in a school hallway. Significant statistical differences have been found between types of physical activity depending on space available for pupils during school recess. Clearly school recess spent in a classroom impairs free movement and causes visible reduction in physical activity. Organization of school recess including arrangement of space available to pupils between the classes can be understood as following the WHO guidelines defining the daily level of children's physical activity.

This study sought to evaluate the number of those overweight and the rate of obesity among 6-and 7-year-olds living in Poland with regard to their place of residence, the parental level of education and the number of children in the family. The analysis was based on a survey of 64 544 children (33 051 boys and 31 493 girls) living in Poland. Overweight and obesity were defined based on body mass index (BMI) using the IOTF cut-off points. To evaluate the rates of overweight and obesity occurrence in children with regard to family socio-economic status, parental level of education, the number of children in the family, and the place of residence (divided into city and village) was used. 'Only children' were the most likely group to be overweight or obese. These children were twice as likely to be obese as their peers living in families with four or more children. Overweight and obesity occurred more often amongst children living in cities rather than those living in rural areas. Moreover, these conditions were more frequent among children whose parents had higher levels of education. The most significant predictors of childhood overweight and obesity were the number of children in the family and the educational level of the mother.

Introduction:The female body creates specific conditions for the growth of a foetus during pregnancy. It is important to assess a mother's anthropometric and physiological parameters in the context of the development of particular parameters of the newborn in order to better monitor the course of pregnancy. One of such parameter is a woman's body mass before pregnancy and its increase during pregnancy. Currently, overweight and obesity are a major problem in women of childbearing age. Aim of the research:To assess the relationship between the mother's anthropometric features, selected haematological indicators, and smoking during pregnancy, and birth parameters in her child. Material and methods: A cohort study was conducted among 403 women with singleton pregnancy, who were admitted into the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinic at the Regional Polyclinical Hospital in Kielce (Poland). Data about the women and their newborns were collected using a survey questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and medical documentation. The following parameters of the newborns were registered: body length, head circumference, and Apgar score at one minute after birth. Among the newborns, 52.11% were boys and 47.89% were girls. Results and conclusions: One-fourth of the women entered pregnancy with excessive weight or obesity. Multiple regression analysis showed that the mother's somatic traits explained 13% of the variance of body mass, 9% of body length at birth, and 8% of the newborn's head circumference. An excessive increase in mother's body mass during pregnancy was associated with increased parameters of the newborn compared to mothers with a normal increase in body mass. StreszczenieWprowadzenie: Organizm kobiety stwarza określone warunki dla wzrostu dziecka w czasie ciąży. Badania parametrów antropometrycznych lub fizjologicznych matki w zakresie rozwoju określonych cech noworodka są ważne m.in. ze względu na możliwość lepszego kontrolowania przebiegu ciąży. Masa ciała kobiety przed ciążą i jej przyrosty w trakcie ciąży stanowi jeden z takich czynników. Obecnie nadwaga i otyłość to poważny problem kobiet w okresie rozrodczym. Cel pracy: Ocena zależności między cechami antropometrycznymi, wybranymi wskaźnikami hematologicznymi kobiet oraz paleniem papierosów w czasie ciąży i wielkością parametrów urodzeniowych u ich dzieci. Materiał i metody: W badaniu kohortowym wzięły udział 403 kobiety z ciążą pojedynczą, zgłaszające się do Kliniki Położnictwa i Ginekologii Wojewódzkiego Szpitala Zespolonego w Kielcach (Polska). W badaniu wykorzystano dane kobiet i noworodków zebrane za pomocą kwestionariusza wywiadu, pomiarów antropometrycznych oraz dokumentacji medycznej. Uwzględniono następujące parametry niemowlęcia: masę urodzeniową, długość ciała, obwód głowy oraz punktację Apgar w 1. minucie po urodzeniu. Wśród noworodków 52,11% stanowili chłopcy, a 47,89% dziewczynki.Somatic traits of the mother, her weight gain during pregnancy as well as blood parameters, versus infant birth parameters Medical Studies/Studia Medyczne 2022; 38...

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Introduction:Recent years have seen a decrease in muscle strength, which may lead to sarcopaenia, and may be associated with a risk of diseases of affluence and premature mortality. Grip strength measurement in young adults is particularly important for teachers because it determines how effectively they are able to perform their duties. Aim of the research:To determine the relationship between handgrip strength (HGS) and normalised grip strength (NGS) and body mass index (BMI) in female university students. Material and methods:The study participants comprised 231 young women from Poland and Croatia. Their handgrip strength was measured, and their BMI and NGS were calculated. Differences between groups of students from Poland and Croatia were determined using Student's t-test. The relationships between HGS and NGS and somatic traits and BMI were assessed using the Pearson's correlation coefficient. Differences between BMI categories were assessed using one-way ANOVA. Results: Mean HGS among the participants from Poland and Croatia equalled 29.9 ±4.75, and mean NGS equalled 0.49 ±0.13. Both HGS and NGS among all participants from Poland and Croatia showed a statistically significant correlation with body height, body mass, and BMI. In terms of HGS and NGS relative to BMI categories, women with overweight or obesity had the highest HGS, while women with underweight obtained significantly lower results (F = 5.152, p = 0.006). The opposite correlations were observed for NGS (F = 51.858, p < 0.001). Conclusions:The observed significant correlations between NGS and BMI suggest that NGS is an important biomarker of health. StreszczenieWprowadzenie: W ostatnich latach obserwuje się regres siły mięśniowej, która może prowadzić do sarkopenii oraz wiązać się z występowaniem ryzyka zachorowalności na choroby cywilizacyjne oraz przedwczesną śmiertelnością. Pomiar siły chwytu u młodych dorosłych nabiera znaczenia w przypadku pracy nauczyciela, dla którego siła ręki warunkuje efektywne wykonywanie swoich obowiązków. Cel pracy: Określenie zależności pomiędzy siłą mięśniową (HGS) oraz względną siłą mięśniową (NGS) badanych studentek a względną masą ciała (BMI). Materiał i metody: W badaniach wzięło udział 231 młodych kobiet z Polski i Chorwacji. Ocenie poddano siłę chwytu. Obliczono względną masę ciała (BMI) oraz względną siłę chwytu. Do określenia różnic grupowych między wynikami studentek z Polski i Chorwacji wykorzystano test t Studenta. Zależność między HGS i NGS a cechami somatycznymi oraz BMI oceniono za pomocą korelacji Pearsona. Do oceny różnic między kategoriami wskaźnika BMI wykorzystano jednoczynnikową analizę wariancji ANOVA. Wyniki: Badane kobiety z Polski oraz Chorwacji osiągnęły średnią wartość siły średniej 29.9 ±4.75 oraz siły względnej 0.49 ±0.13. W przypadku zarówno siły średniej, jak i siły względnej dla ogółu badanych z Polski i Chorwacji zaobserwowano występowanie istotnej statystycznie korelacji z wysokością ciała, masą ciała oraz BMI. W analizach siły i siły względnej w odniesieniu do kategorii wskaźnika ...