Purpose The paper presents a report on the comprehensive assessment of a novel synthetic opioid (NSO) termed U-47700, and its two metabolites: N-desmethyl-U-47700 and N,N-didesmethyl-U-47700 in autopsy blood samples taken from 12 cases of fatal poisonings. Methods The analysis of the examined samples was based on the solid-phase extraction/liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method, which was developed in the validation process. In the quantitative analytical studies, deuterium analytes analogs were used, namely U-47700-d 6 and N-desmethyl-U-47700-d 3 .Results The validation parameters of the method were determined, including the limits of quantification on the 1 ng/mL level, calibration curves range of 1-1000 ng/ml, intra-assay precisions and accuracies of 1.1-20.2% and −18.9-9%, respectively, and inter-assay precisions and accuracies of 2.9-13.0% and -11.4-3.3%, respectively. The matrix effects and the extraction efficiencies were formed at the levels of 54.0-119% and 53.0-118%, respectively. The parent substance and its metabolites in blood samples have been shown to be relatively stable under various conditions within the 21-day study. The concentration levels demonstrated in the analyzed blood samples were: U-47700 in the range of 83-24,000 ng/mL, N-desmethyl-U-47700 in the range of 2.0-7520 ng/mL and N,N-didesmethyl-U-47700 in the range of 18-1947 ng/mL. Conclusions The simultaneous quantification of U-47700, N-desmethyl-U-47700 and N,N-didesmethyl-U-47700 seems very useful to confirm the cause of death and to estimate antemortem interval. To our knowledge this is the first trial to measure phase I metabolites of U-47700 in authentic human blood samples.Publisher's Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The objective of the present study was to identify metabolites of synthetic cathinone, 3-chloromethcathinone (3-CMC), and to select a potential intake biomarker for this compound. The basis of the experiment was the analysis of blood and urine samples from a case of fatal poisoning with this substance. We also evaluated the stability of 3-CMC and the selected potential biomarker, the dihydro-3-CMC metabolite, depending on the time elapsed since the autopsy as well as the storage conditions of the biological material. Studies have shown that 3-CMC shows low stability in biological material. However, acidification of the biological material or low-temperature storage has a great impact on maintaining its stability. It is crucial to monitor the presence of the dihydro-3-CMC metabolite in the biological material during analysis, which showed high stability under all of the given storage conditions. Synthetic cathinones might not be detected in biological material and, if they are, the determined concentrations at the time of testing may not correspond to the actual concentrations at the time of the event or death. Consequently, interpretation of the results obtained for 3-CMC and dihydro-3-CMC in terms of assessing their toxicity and possible cause of death is difficult. The area of research into the search for other intake biomarkers of unstable halogen derivatives of synthetic cathinones remains open.

No abstract

Cel pracy: Przedmiotem pracy było opracowanie i walidacja metody oznaczania syntetycznego kannabinoidu AB-CHMINACA we krwi, a następnie jej weryfikacja w toksykologicznej praktyce sądowo-lekarskiej. Materiał i metody: Omówiono przypadek 41-letniego mężczyzny przyjętego do szpitala w związku z planowanym zabiegiem kardiochirurgicznym. Mężczyzna zmarł po 12 godzinach hospitalizacji. Na podstawie zebranego materiału dowodowego podejrzewano zatrucie AB-CHMINACA. Identyfikację i oznaczenie AB-CHMINACA we krwi mężczyzny przeprowadzono przy użyciu metody wysokosprawnej chromatografii cieczowej sprzężonej z tandemową spektrometrią mas z wykorzystaniem jonizacji przez rozpylanie w polu elektrycznym (HPLC-ESI-MS-MS), po wcześniejszej ekstrakcji do fazy stałej. Wyniki: W próbce krwi mężczyzny oznaczono AB-CHMINACA w stężeniu 0,5 ng/ml. Wnioski: W interpretacji przypadku przyjęto, że AB-CHMINACA nie miała bezpośredniego wpływu na zgon, za którego przyczynę uznano przewlekłą niewydolność serca z powodu wady zastawkowej aorty zdekompensowanej zapaleniem płuc. Nie można jednak wykluczyć pośredniego wpływu efektów ubocznych używania syntetycznych kannabinoidów na pogłębienie procesu chorobowego, co doprowadziło do nagłego zatrzymania krążenia w mechanizmie asystolii.

Introduction. The Polish law is giving the entitlement for conducting the physical education classes to both graduates of physical education, as well as the teachers of early education. The duty of teachers working with children is to provide knowledge, developing the skills and attitudes related to strengthening health of students. Physical education teacher by acting on the personality and the body of his pupils should also be a personality model for them. The teacher should have an appropriate level of the motor skills enabling to show the technique of performing the exercise. Aim. The aim of this study was to examine the level of motor fitness and skills of teachers studying at postgraduate level in the field of integrated early education. Material and methods. The study was performed in a group of 82 active teachers who instructed execution of 8 tests of motor skills and 12 exercises used in teaching kindergarten children and early education classes. Results. The study showed the presence of the average and low-level motor skills in women. In 67% of the studied cases, women could not demonstrate basic motor skills to the children being taught by them. Conclusions. Physical education classes for preschoolers and 1st-3rd graders should be conducted by experts in the field. Very low level of motor fitness and skills determined by the present study, it can be concluded that future early-education teachers are ill-prepared for carrying out such a responsible role.