Bencana merupakan salah satu bagian dalam kehidupan manusia yang datang tanpa diduga. Bencana selalu menimbulkan dampak buruk bagi manusia yang menjadi korban. Memahami bencana menjadi suatu hal yang sangat penting bagi setiap individu agar dapat tanggap dan mengetahui langkah yang harus dilakukan saat bencana datang. Menurut International Strategy for DisasterReductioníUnited Nations (Paripurno, 2008, h. 9)

Flooding is a routine occurrence throughout much of the monsoonal tropics. Despite well-developed repertoires of response, agrarian societies have been 'double exposed' to intensifying climate change and agro-industrialization over the past several decades, often in ways that alter both the regularity of flood events and individual and community capacity for response. This paper engages these tensions by exploring everyday experiences of and responses to extreme flood events in a case study village in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, which has also been the site of corporate oil palm development since 2010. We first reconstruct histories of extreme flood events along the Konawe'eha River using oral histories and satellite imagery, describing the role of these events in straining the terms of daily production and reproduction. We then outline the ways smallholder agriculturalists are responding to flood events through alterations in their land use strategies, including through the sale or leasing of flood-prone lands, the relocation of riverine vegetable production to hillside locations, and adoption of new cropping choices and management practices. We highlight the role of such responses as a driver of ongoing land use change, potentially in ways that increase systemic vulnerability to floods moving forward.

At present, requirements and development in architectural design lead to the concept of sustainable architecture that is environmentally responsible. The application of sustainable architecture itself must be following the rules in architecture, but still, pay attention to environmental conditions. This topic was chosen to find out how to use sustainable materials in buildings with sustainable architectural concepts both in exterior and interior space. This study aims to find out regarding the understanding of the concept of sustainable architecture and how to use it from the application of sustainable materials to exterior space and interior space in office buildings. As an object of research, the Akanoma architecture studio office building is located in Padalarang, Kab. West Bandung. The application of sustainable architecture is observed in the expression of exterior and space in buildings, as well as the impact of these aspects on the environment. The boundary scope of this study is the utilization of sustainable material applications in terms of patterns, textures and material colors in the exterior and interior space in the building. This study uses qualitative research methods that attempt to analyze objects by describing objects from the point of view and interpretation of individuals (informants) in a natural setting. Study analysis refers to data from field observations based on aspects of architectural appearance in the form of exterior and interior space. The results of the study show that the application of sustainable architecture to the Akanoma Studio office building is an ecologically well-applied approach. This study is carried out in the hope that it can be useful to become knowledge and references regarding the use of sustainable material applications in exterior space and interior space in buildings.Keywords: Sustainable Architecture, Sustainable Material, in Expression of Exterior and Space Abstrak:Saat ini, persyaratan dan perkembangan dalam desain arsitektur menuju pada konsep arsitektur berkelanjutan yang tanggap terhadap lingkungan. Penerapan arsitektur berkelanjutan sendiri harus sesuai dengan kaidah dalam arsitektur, tetapi tetap memperhatikan kondisi lingkungan. Topik ini dipilih untuk mengetahui bagaimana cara pemanfaatan penerapan material berkelanjutan pada bangunan dengan konsep arsitektur berkelanjutan baik pada ruang luar maupun ruang dalam. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang pemahaman mengenai konsep arsitektur berkelanjutan serta bagaimana cara pemanfaatan dari penerapan material berkelanjutan pada ruang luar dan ruang dalam bangunan kantor. Sebagai objek penelitian, dipilih bangunan kantor studio arsitektur Akanoma yang berlokasi di Padalarang, Kab. Bandung Barat. Penerapan arsitektur berkelanjutan dicermati pada ekspresi ruang luar dan ruang dalam bangunan, serta dampak aspek tersebut terhadap lingkungan. Lingkup batasan dari penelitian ini yaitu pemanfaatan penerapan material berkelanjutan ditinjau dari pola, tekstur dan warna material pada ruang luar dan ruang dalam bangunan. Kajian ini menggunakan metoda penelitian kualitatif yang berupaya menganalisis objek dengan menggambarkan objek dari sudut pandang dan interpretasi individu (informan) dalam latar alamiah. Pada tahapan analisis, diperoleh data-data hasil observasi lapangan berdasarkan aspek tampilan arsitektural berupa ruang luar dan ruang dalam. Hasil kajian menunjukan bahwa penerapan arsitektur berkelanjutan pada bangunan kantor Studio Akanoma adalah dengan pendekatan ekologi yang diterapkan dengan baik. Kajian ini dilakukan dengan harapan dapat bermanfaat menjadi pengetahuan dan referensi mengenai pemanfaatan dari penerapan material berkelanjutan pada ruang luar dan ruang dalam bangunan.

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Linear regression is widely used in various fields. Research on linear regression uses the OLS and ML method in estimating its parameters. OLS and ML method require many assumptions to complete. It is frequently found there is an unconditional assumption that both methods are not successfully used. This paper proposes a new method which does not require any assumption with a condition. The new method is called SAM (Simple Averaging Method) to estimate parameters in the simple linear regression model. The method may be used without fulfilling assumptions in the regression model. Three new theorems are formulated to simplify the estimation of parameters in the simple linear regression model with SAM. By using the same data, the simple linear regression model parameter estimation is conducted using SAM. The result shows that the obtained regression parameter is not quite far different. However, to measure the accuracy of both methods, a comparison of errors made by each method is conducted using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Averaged Error (MAE). By comparing the values of RMSE and MAE for both methods, SAM method may be used to estimate parameters in the regression equation. The advantage of SAM is free from all assumptions required by regression, such as error normality assumption while the data should be from the normal distribution.