Argentina's Proempleo Experiment, conducted in 1998-2000, was designed to assess whether a wage subsidy and specialized training could assist the transition from workfare to regular work. Randomly sampled workfare participants in a welfare-dependent urban area were given a voucher that entitled an employer to a sizable wage subsidy; a second sample also received the option of skill training; and a third sample formed the control group. The authors find that voucher recipients had a higher probability of employment than did the control group, even though the rate of actual take-up of vouchers by the hiring employers was very low. The employment gains were in the informal sector and largely confined to female workers, younger workers, and more educated workers. Skill training had no statistically significant impact overall, though once the analysis corrects for selective compliance, an impact for those with sufficient prior education is found. W age subsidies and training programs are often used by governments to help get able-bodied adults off the unemployment or workfare rolls into regular jobs. While there is some evidence that both interventions can help in the transition to regular work, results have varied greatly according to the setting and the method used to assess the impact.' It has

Randomly sampled workfare participants in a welfare-The authors find that compared with the control dependent region of Argentina were given a voucher that group, voucher recipients had a significantly higher entitled an employer to a sizable wage subsidy. A second probability of employment, though their current incomes sample also received the option of skill training, while a were no higher. The impact was largely confined to third sample formed the control group.women and younger workers. Labor supply effects Galasso, Ravallion, and Salvia analyze the effects of appear to have been important. However, training had this scheme on participants' employment and income, no significant impact. using double-difference and instrumental-variablesThe experiment was cost-effective in reducing the methods to deal with potential experimental biases, government's welfare spending, since take-up of the including selective compliance with the randomized subsidy by employers was low. assignment.

Our findings suggest that safety in the home has an important effect on both sleep quality and duration, particularly among women. In contrast, after accounting for safety in the home, neighborhood safety does not impact sleep. Further research is warranted to identify mechanisms underlying the sex differences in susceptibility to poor sleep quality and shorter sleep duration, as well as to assess whether interventions addressing safety in the home can be used to improve sleep and overall health.

Randomly sampled workfare participants in a welfare-The authors find that compared with the control dependent region of Argentina were given a voucher that group, voucher recipients had a significantly higher entitled an employer to a sizable wage subsidy. A second probability of employment, though their current incomes sample also received the option of skill training, while a were no higher. The impact was largely confined to third sample formed the control group.women and younger workers. Labor supply effects Galasso, Ravallion, and Salvia analyze the effects of appear to have been important. However, training had this scheme on participants' employment and income, no significant impact. using double-difference and instrumental-variablesThe experiment was cost-effective in reducing the methods to deal with potential experimental biases, government's welfare spending, since take-up of the including selective compliance with the randomized subsidy by employers was low. assignment.