Introducción: el consumo de cocaína y cannabis durante el embarazo constituye un problema en ascenso, de importancia para la Salud Pública mundial. Las mujeres consumidoras pueden presentar un amplio rango de complicaciones durante el embarazo y perinatales, pero los conocimientos sobre su evolución posterior son escasos. Objetivos: describir las trayectorias sanitarias durante 4 años de mujeres consumidoras de cocaína y/o cannabis durante el embarazo, y compararlas con mujeres no consumidoras. Métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo con grupo de comparación doble. Las mujeres consumidoras fueron detectadas en el Servicio de Neonatología de un Hospital público con prueba en orina posparto positivo para cocaína y/o cannabis, entre 2009 y 2013. Resultados: se evaluaron 29 mujeres consumidoras, y 58 no consumidoras. En el primer grupo, el 93% eran policonsumidoras. Las mujeres consumidoras presentaron mayor frecuencia de: antecedente de violencia en sus infancias (p<0,001), enfermedades previas (p<0,0045) y adquiridas (p<0,0007), consultas médicas (p<0,0001) y odontológicas (p=0,0002) de emergencia, internaciones (p<0,0001) y muertes familiares violentas, comparando con no consumidoras. Conclusión: las mujeres consumidoras de cocaína y/o cannabis durante el embarazo presentaron mayores antecedentes de violencia y enfermedad, de consultas médicas y odontológicas de emergencia, de internación y muertes violentas en el grupo familiar, que las no consumidoras. Los traumatismos constituyeron la principal causa de consulta e internación. En las variables evaluadas, las diferencias entre consumidoras y no consumidoras del embarazo fueron significativas.

Cocaine and/or cannabis use during pregnancy is a growing problem of relevance for global public health. Exposed children may have a wide range of perinatal complications, but there is little knowledge on their course. Objective: To describe and compare the health trajectories of children prenatally exposed and unexposed to cocaine and/or cannabis over 4 years. Methods: Retrospective, cohort study with a double control group. Exposed children were detected through a urine test by the Department of Neonatology of a public hospital between 2009 and 2013. Results: A total of 29 exposed children and 58 unexposed children were assessed. The most common drugs detected in the exposed group were cocaine and cannabis. Most mothers were poly-drug users. The exposed group showed significant differences in relation to a lower frequency of health checkups (p < 0.0001) and a higher number of visits to the emergency department (p = 0.0295) and hospitalizations (p = 0.007), mainly due to respiratory conditions. In addition, they had a greater rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, changes of home, and legal interventions. In this group, 1 child and 2 parents had a violent death. No deaths were reported in the unexposed group. Conclusions: Children prenatally exposed to cocaine and/or cannabis had a lower number of health checkups and a higher number of visits to the emergency department and hospitalizations. Besides, they showed a greater rate of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, changes of home, legal interventions, and violent deaths in the direct family group.