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In this work, the development of a highly active noble metal phosphide (NM X P Y)-based hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst with a high hydrogenating ability for heavy oils was studied. NM X P Y catalysts were obtained by reduction of Padded noble metals (NM-P, NM: Rh, Pd, Ru) supported on SiO 2. The order of activities for the hydrogenation of biphenyl was Rh-P > NiMoS > Pd-P > Ru-P. This order was almost the same as that of the catalytic activities for the HDS of dibenzothiophene. In the HDS of 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT), the HDS activity of the Rh-P catalyst increased with increasing reaction temperature, but the maximum HDS activity for the NiMoS catalyst was observed at 270 • C. The Rh-P catalyst yielded fully hydrogenated products with high selectivity compared with the NiMoS catalyst. Furthermore, XRD analysis of the spent Rh-P catalysts revealed that the Rh 2 P phase possessed high sulfur tolerance and resistance to sintering.

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The objective of this study is to present an economic analysis (EA) of actual installed photovoltaic (PV) projects considering Gulf Cooperation Council countries climate conditions. The two analysed PV systems are commissioned in Kuwait and they were chosen to be the scope of this study since the availability of their characteristics. The first system is installed on a school and equipped with thin film (copper indium gallium selenide) solar modules of efficiency equal to 14% and the other system is installed on a commercial building and equipped with monocrystalline solar modules of efficiency equal to 17%. The EA consists of studying the financial parameters related to the two previous projects using two different calculation tools. One tool is developed and presented in this study that is the EA calculator and the other tool is the existing solar advisory model software. The two calculation tools' results almost match with slight differences considered negligible, so the developed EA calculator is considered validated. As a conclusion, the impact of renewable energy (RE) costs on future investments in RE technologies and especially on PV projects is being evaluated.