Objectives In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency of neurological signs, symptoms, and complications in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. We also sought to explore the general characteristics of stroke patients in particular. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted among COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized between April-September 2020 at the Al-Noor Specialist Hospital in Makkah city, Saudi Arabia. The study included patients who were aged ≥18 years and presented with or were reported to have any neurological manifestations and/or complications secondary to COVID-19 infection. Results A total of 79 patients were included. The mean age of the cohort was 63.6 years, with a significant male predominance (67.1%). The most commonly reported neurological signs and symptoms were altered level of consciousness (45.9%), dizziness (11.5%), and focal neurological deficit (10.4%). Acute ischemic stroke was seen in 18 patients. Most of them were males (66.7%). Most strokes were in the right middle cerebral artery territory (MCA) (50.0%). Diabetic patients were four times more at risk to develop stroke [odds ratio (OR)=3.76; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-29.9]. Patients with respiratory failure were 21 times more likely to have a stroke (OR=21.3; 95% CI: 2.2-54.6). Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome recorded a three-fold increased risk for developing stroke (OR=2.96; 95% CI: 1.25-37.3). Critically ill patients had double the risk of stroke (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.1-6.9). Other neurological complications were hemorrhagic stroke (3.3%), subacute/chronic infarction (23.3%), meningitis (10%), and brain mass lesion (3.3%). Conclusions Neurological symptoms and complications are not uncommon among COVID-19 patients. Most of these patients had poor outcomes. Acute ischemic stroke was the most common finding on neuroimaging.

Introduction: Khaya senegalensis is a genus of seven species of trees in the mahogany family Meliaceae, native to tropical Africa and Madagascar. Mahogany  in  English, Aganwo  in  Yoruba,  Madachi  in  Hausa  and  Ono  in  Igbo. All species become big trees 30–35m tall, rarely 45m, with a trunk over 1 m trunk diameter, often buttressed at the base. The leaves are pinnate, with 4-6 pairs of leaflets, the terminal leaflet absent; each leaflet is 10–15 cm long abruptly rounded toward the apex but often with an acuminate tip. Aim: The  aim of  the study  was  to determine  the Toxic  effect of prolonged oral administration  of  the  aqueous stem bark of  Khaya senegalensis extract  on the histology of  Kidneys and its biochemical parameters in wistar rats. Methods: This work is an experimental research. A total of 20 wistar rats were randomly divided in to 5 groups each of which consist of 4 rats. Group 1 received distilled water to serve as control while group 2, 3, 4, and 5 received 500 mg/kg bw, 1000 mg/kg bw 2000 mg/kg bw  and 4000 mg/kg bw of the aqueous extract respectively for 60 days after which they were sacrificed, processed in Automatic Tissue Processor machine, Sectioned and stained with H &E. Results: There was statistical significant increase in urea and potassium in all the test groups but is not dose dependent. The creatinine was significantly increased in groups 2, 4 and 5. While other parameters such as sodium, chloride and bicarbonate no significant difference when compared to the control group. The kidney sections showed normal structure in group 1 when compared with the test groups. However, there was significant infiltration of inflammatory cell across all the groups which were suggestive of kidney damage or injury. Similarly phenomenon was noticed in group 5 with additional congestion in the glomerulus and more polymorphs seen. Conclusion: The LD50 was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg bw, therefore, 400 mg/kgbw was used as higher dose in the experimental wistar rats. There were statistical significant increases in some parameters groups while some groups not significant. The kidney section showed significant infiltration of polymorphs across all the groups more marked in group 5 with distension and damaging of the glomerulus indicating renal injury.

Prostate cancer (PCa) identified incidentally (iPCa) after surgical treatment for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) causing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is considered low risk by the most current guidelines. Management protocols for iPCa are conservative and are identical to other prostate cancers classified as having favorable prognoses. The objectives of this paper are to discuss the incidence of iPCa stratified by BPH procedure, to highlight predictors of cancer progression, and to propose potential modifications to mainstream guidelines for the optimal management of iPCa. The correlation between the rate of iPCa detection and the method of BPH surgery is not clearly defined. Old age, small prostate volume, and high pre-operative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are associated with an increased likelihood of detecting iPCa. PSA and tumor grade are strong predictors of cancer progression and can be used along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and potential confirmatory biopsies to determine disease management. In instances that iPCa requires treatment, radical prostatectomy (RP), radiation therapy, and androgen deprivation therapy all have oncologic benefits but may be associated with increased risk after the BPH surgery. It is advised that patients with low to favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer undergo post-operative PSA measurement and prostate MRI imaging before electing to choose between observation, surveillance without confirmatory biopsy, immediate confirmatory biopsy, or active treatment. Subdividing the binary T1a/b cancer staging into more categories with ranging percentages of malignant tissue would be a helpful first step in tailoring the management of iPCa.

Introduction: Purdah or pardah is a Persian word which translated loosely to mean ‘curtain’, is a religious and social practice of female seclusion prevalent among some Muslim communities.  In stating the reasons for the need of purdah, the Qu’ran declares that “the observance of hijab is so that the (pure and pious women) may be recognized and not be molested” Cervical cancer is a malignant disease of the cervix. The disease has a pre-malignant stage which usually occurs in younger women.  Carcinoma of the cervix is associated with the following risk factors; early age at first sexual intercourse, multiple male sexual partners,  male sexual partners who have had multiple partners, early age at first birth, multiparty, smoking, long-term use of oral contraceptive pills, immunosuppressed states. Cervical cancer is preventable through vaccination and can be easily diagnosed, but prevention and diagnostic programmes are not widely available in the developing world (Branca et al., 2003). Rates of cervical cancer are four to five times higher among women living with HIV than among HIV negative women, while the overall risk of acquiring HIV among women doubles when women are infected with the human papillomavirus, a cause of cervical cancer. Aim: To study the Prevalence, Knowledge, Attitude, Beliefs and Practice of cervical cancer in HIV positive women in purdah and HIV positive women not in purdah, and relate this to the prevalence of cervical cancer. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of cervical cancer among HIV positive women in purdah attending the anti retroviral therapy (ART) Clinic of the Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe. A sample size of 150 each was used for both the subject group and controls. HIV positive women in purdah=150 subjects, HIV positive women not in purdah= 150 subjects and HIV negative women not in purdah =150 subjects. Sample size equals 450 to give room for alteration. Results: Results collected using the questionnaire revealed that only a mean of about 41 (27.3%) HIV positive women in purdah had correct knowledge of Cervical Cancer as compared with HIV positive women not in purdah who had a mean of 129 (86.0%)  and 114 (76.7%)  for  HIV negative women not in purdah.  Large percentage of 61.3% of HIV positive women in Purdah, 86.0% of HIV positive women not in purdah and 76.7% of HIV negative women not in purdah, had previous knowledge of Cervical Cancer. The knowledge about the link between early marriages to increased risk of cervical cancer was not low amongst HIV positive women in purdah (34.7%) but this was not the case with their counterparts as 86.0% of HIV positive women not in purdah and 80.7% of HIV negative women in purdah were knowledgeable about the link. Not less than 95% of women in all groups expressed   indifference towards the gender of the personnel collecting the Pap smear nevertheless some still showed some reluctance towards having their pap smear collected by personnel of the opposite sex. Women in purdah showed the highest percentage of this reluctance (4.7%).  As regards to practices, the women in purdah had a mean positive practice of 63.3% as against 58.7% and 60.8% respectively of the control group (HIV positive women not in purdah and HIV negative women not in purdah). Women in purdah had a higher positive practice in all cases except the issues of husbands deciding the number of children (16.7% -HIV positive women in purdah, 88.0% -HIV positive women not in purdah and 100% -HIV negative women not in purdah) and husbands deciding when to stop having children (35.5% -HIV positive women in purdah, 52.0% -HIV positive women not in purdah and 43.3% -HIV negative women not in purdah). Conclusion: The prevalence of cervical lesions in HIV positive women in purdah (42.0%) is higher than that of HIV negative women not in purdah (16.0%), but lower than that of HIV positive women not in purdah (56.0%).Hiv positive women in purdah had the lowest knowledge of cervical cancer with a mean score of (27.3%) while the control groups had a higher knowledge of 86.0% and 76.7% respectively. This implies that there is need for comprehensive and correct knowledge, positive attitude/ beliefs and positive behavioral practice are important in the control of cervical cancer and diseases in general.

The Borno State Government in its effort to rid the state civil service of the ghost worker syndrome made a lot of efforts such as verification of staff by consultants and physical head count of staff by committee. The present administration and its predecessors have all made that effort, but the syndrome seems far from over. It is in light of the above that this study seeks to investigate the Personnel Cost Budget of the state government in respect of education and health sectors to see if it assisted in controlling fraud in personnel cost. Both primary and secondary data were used for this research. Closed ended questionnaire was administered to personnel depart of the education and Health sectors, while the Borno state budget figure for these sectors are extracted from the State budget document of 2015 to 2019. These data were analysed by the use of Benford’s Law. The study found out that budget is being prepared annually on incremental basis using the previous year’s budget figure as basis. It also found out that the budgeted figure is always higher than the actual giving rise to favourable variance, and do not usual follow the pattern of Benford Law in which figures are supposed to appear in a numeric data setup in line with its rule.