The aim of this study is to determine the content of secondary metabolites ethanol fraction of fruit peel of Limonia acidissima qualitatively and test the activity of antimicrobial on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Phytochemical screening was carried out by running for separating the extract in silica gel by eluent n-hexane: ethyl acetate. The Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) plate results then sprayed with a stain viewer; Alkaloid stain viewer: Dragendorff reagent; Terpenoids: Anisaldehyde-sulfuric acid reagents. The plate is heated to a temperature of 100°C; Flavonoids: H2 SO4 10% reagents; Polyphenols and tannins: FeCl 3 reagents 10%; Anthraquinone: 10% KOH reagent in methanol. The antimicrobial test was carried out using disk diffusion methods with concentrations of 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml with control of nystatin and chloramphenicol. Phytochemical screening results of ethanol fraction Limonia acidissima can be detected in the content of alkaloids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, and saponins. Antimicrobial test results obtained data that the ethanol fraction Limonia acidissima has an increasing inhibitory activity of 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml.

A high number of infections from year to year require infectious diseases to get serious attention. The antimicrobial compound exploration must be continued to anticipate the development of infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to find out in vitro antimicrobial activity of nhexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol fractions of Piper betle green leaves against S. aureus, and profiles of secondary metabolite compounds contained in these three extracts. The antimicrobial activity test was carried out by disk diffusion test of the fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol at a concentration of 6.25, 12.5 and 18.75 µg/disk. Detection of secondary metabolite content was done by the Thin Layer Chromatography method with stain-view reagents. The highest antimicrobial activity was found in the ethyl acetate fraction and was significantly different from the activity in the ethanol and n-hexane fractions. However, the antibacterial activity of all fractions was lower compared to the positive control of amoxiclav 30µg/disk. The phytochemical screening results of secondary metabolites of each fraction were shown that the n-hexane fraction contained alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and anthraquinone; the ethyl acetate fraction contained terpenoids, polyphenols, and anthraquinone; while the ethanol fraction contained alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenols, and anthraquinone. Based on the test results, it is concluded that all fractions of Piper betle leaf extract had high antimicrobial activity; meanwhile, the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest activities among others. Each fraction was proven to have a different composition of secondary metabolites.

A vaccine has still not been found for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the number of global cases of HCV is still high. The development of HCV vaccines is challenging due to the complex genetic diversity of the virus. Epitope-based vaccine design using in silico computational methods is an effective strategy that could lead to the development of vaccines with the ability to induce the required immunogenicity without the emergence of cytokine storms or immune tolerance. This study aimed to find an epitope candidate from the HCV E2 protein which has potential as a peptide vaccine. The research was observational descriptive and was carried out in silico on an HCV vaccine candidate. The software used was MEGA X, IEDB, VaxiJen 2.0, BLASTp. 3 conserved regions were obtained from 10 countries, namely VCGPVYCFTPSPVVVGTTD, CPTDCFRK, and YRLWHYPCT. The sequences between these countries still have phylogenetic relationships, even though they are in different branches, showing the evolution of the HCV subtypes. The VYCFTPSPVVVGTTD epitope became the candidate for the development of a peptide vaccine because of its antigenicity score and its ability to be used for effective epitope-based vaccines. This HCV vaccine candidate epitope does not cause an autoimmune response because it has been confirmed to be using BLASTp with the result that it shares no similarity with human cell surface proteins. Keywords: vaccines, peptides, epitope, hepatitis C virus, in silico

Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense against infection. One form of the innate immune response is the production of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin, which has many important roles in the host immunity against tuberculosis infection, as well as being an antimicrobial therapy. This study’s objective was to determine the potential effect of Curcuma longa, an herb commonly found in Indonesia, to increase the production of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin, and its interaction patterns in cells using an in silico approach. The data on the chemical content of the plant were gathered from the Dr. Duke Phytochemical Database, with the prediction of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of compounds in the plant’s rhizomes conducted using the Swiss ADME Software. The Swisstargetprediction.ch website was used to predict the relationship of the plant compounds with cell proteins, and STRINGDB was used to look for pharmacological networks. The results showed that C. longa enhances innate immunity through the activation of TLR7/9 and other related proteins. The findings also showed that the activation of the innate immune response is followed by activation of the adaptive immune response along with its related proteins. Keywords: antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidin, C. longa, pharmacological network

Indonesia has a high and diverse biodiversity, particularly in plant species. There are numerous advantages to using various plants that grow in Indonesia. Indonesia is also known for its abundance of spices and other natural resources. Rapid research is required in the use of this plant in order for bio-based products to be widely accepted. Using in-silico predictions by utilizing meta data provided by several credible sites is one of the important rapid methods in analyzing the benefits of the chemical content of Curcuma zedoaria (Temu putih). The goal of this in-silico analysis-based study is to gain an understanding of the pharmacology of a plant known as potency simplicia Curcuma zedoaria. Analyzing metadata from various sources is the research method. Prediction of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) was obtained from http://www.swissadme.ch/. The prediction of target proteins for phytochemical compounds of Curcuma zedoaria is available at http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/, while the construction of active protein networks and interactions after induction of compounds contained in Curcuma zedoaria rhizome is available at https://string-db.org. According to the in-silico analysis performed with some of the software mentioned above, the rhizome of Curcuma zedoaria (Temu Putih) contains 71 active compounds, 64 of which are highly bioavailable. According to in-silico research, Curcuma zedoaria (Temu Putih) contains curcumin compounds (diarylheptanoid) and its derivatives have antioxidant activity, which functions to prevent stress from physiological stimulation that can increase the number of leukocytes.