Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors influencing intention of Muslim Filipinos to give zakat on employment income. Design/methodology/approach The study used the extended theory of planned behaviour – an extension of the theory of reasoned action – to investigate the factors influencing intention to give zakat. The theory introduces six variables (i.e. attitude, perceived behavioural control, injunctive norm, descriptive norm, moral norm and past behaviour) in predicting the intention to give zakat. Totally, 450 questionnaires were distributed to the respondents in a Muslim-majority area (i.e. Marawi City), and 384 cases were deemed usable. The data have been analysed using multiple regression analysis. Findings This paper finds that attitude, descriptive norm and moral norm have a positive relationship with the intention to give zakat. Meanwhile, perceived behavioural control, injunctive norm and past behaviour are found to have insignificant influence over intention. However overall, the study supports the extension of the theory of planned behaviour which accounts for 53 per cent of the variance in intention. Originality/value This paper provides new insights on factors influencing the intention to give zakat on a non-Muslim majority country setting where no zakat institution operates. This paper also used the extended theory of planned behaviour on zakat compliance literature.

Purpose This paper aims to argue for the need of beneficiaries’ involvement in matters impacting them. The current effort to improve waqf management and the trend of waqf studies seems to focus on waqf financing/investment using sophisticated financial tools and inviting participation from business entities. There was no conscious effort to engage the beneficiaries/public as the means to inform and improve the way waqf properties are managed despite it being, arguably, the primary stakeholder. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative study informed by the concept of downward accountability. Interviews with staff involved in managing waqf properties are conducted. Data is interpreted, resulting in emerging themes. Findings This paper argues that the way waqf entity is structured and the staff’s value is important in determining whether benefit accrues to beneficiaries. Grounded on Islamic ethos, the values of individual staff is imperative in ensuring downward accountability is discharged. The closeness and empathy between staff and beneficiaries contribute towards a meaningful operationalisation of downward accountability. Research limitations/implications Because of the nature of methodology focusing on specific waqf practices in two specific waqf settings, the result must be interpreted within its context. Practical implications Waqf entity needs to have a structure where beneficiaries are meaningfully involved. Social implications This paper argues that the benefit of waqf establishment may not accrue to beneficiaries if it is undertaken without their engagement. Originality/value This paper raises the importance of engaging beneficiaries as one of the approaches in serving them. Any future project involving the targeted beneficiaries should involve them in some capacities.

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use in, among other things, social welfare enhancing activities, both at the family, community, and state levels. Corporate waqf is defined as a type of waqf where the mawqūf (waqf assets) are in the form of shares issued and managed by a corporate entity. Corporate waqf utilizes the application of waqf principles in a corporate setting. 6 Corporate waqf is more than a charitable and philanthropic act by a business entity, but is an initiative to combine the concept of waqf and apply it to achieve business and corporate objectives. Consequently, it intends to redefine the role and function of business organizations in today's society by 'giving back' and reaching out to the community. This study tries to gauge the level of awareness and willingness of State Economic Development Corporations (SEDCs) and State Islamic Religious Councils (SIRCs) to be involved in corporate waqf initiatives. The study found that, in general, the SEDCs are receptive of the idea of corporate waqf entities managing and enhancing the values of waqf assets and waqf properties; however, this must be done within the current legal framework. The study also found a lack of coordination between the SEDCs and SIRCs in making decisions on waqf related matters. It is suggested that the state government, through its departments/agencies, play a facilitative role in ensuring the efficient development of waqf assets or properties.

Improved accounting and reporting practice for waqf institution in Malaysia has become an indispensable necessity. The identification of waqf stakeholders may help the institution to achieve this objective as the interest of these accounting users are to be properly addressed in the financial reports. This paper investigates the stakeholders of waqf and their relationship with waqf institution. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted involving 27 waqf managers and accountants from various organizations in waqf institution. Based on the thematic analysis, 18 groups of waqf stakeholders and three categories of stakeholder influential relationship have been identified. The results of this study provided a basis for waqf institution to further