Nowadays, the devastating effects of the pollutants produced by gasoline are known well. As a result, scientists are looking for a better formula to replace the gasoline currently in use. Using different additives has been one of the strategies developed throughout the years. However, because certain compounds damage the environment and human life, researchers must now choose which additives to use. The primary goal of this work is to test a gasoline combination with nano-additives Ag2O and MnO2 in a 4-stroke vehicle engine (Fiat 128) and to investigate the influence of novel mixes on the efficiency of combustion rates and the amount of target pollutant gas released (CO, NOx, and the exhaust temperature). The tests were carried out at three different engine speeds: 2000, 2500, and 2900 rpm. At the end of the test, the 0.05% concentration of Ag2O nano-additive was chosen as the best sample, which increases engine performance in gasoline combustion rates and minimizes harmful gas emissions. Furthermore, CO and NOx emissions were lowered by 52% and 35%, respectively, according to EURO 6, indicating a considerable reduction in mortality rates and costs. Finally, a new mechanism was observed using Ag2O nanoparticles, leading to a reduction in CO and CO2 at the same time.

The determination of stress intensity factors for specimens with pre-cracks is important in fracture analysis. In this paper, the evaluation of stress intensity factors of modes I and II for compact tension specimens is presented. A 3-D finite element analysis (FEA) model using the ANSYS program is constructed for specimens made of different bio-medical materials such as stainless steel, titanium, alumina, high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Such materials are used for hip and knee replacement and for dental implants. The effects of notch angle, notch tip radius and pre-crack length on the stress intensity factor are studied. The number of elements along the crack front and crack tip is considered and has been varied to determine its effect on the value of the stress intensity factor. It is concluded that, in order to evaluate the reasonable values for the stress intensity factor, the pre-crack lengt should be greater than 10% and 33% of the total crack lengt for modes I and II, respectively. The results for the stress intensity factors KI and KII are obtained using a linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach.

This paper describes a new four parameter method of analysis: :for determining of the stress intensity factor (SIF). The • method bypasses the error-prone measurements on the isochromatic pattern near to the crack tip and uses data from the • :near of the crack tip as well as extended stress field. 'Suitable expression was developed for the determination of • the fourth parameter based on isochromatic fringe loop information. Results were obtained by the computer program :(EGYPT)for different values of the parameters)3 and C4 to 'give the best accuracy of determining the stress intensity factor (K). The results obtained for Dobeckote-505 show good agreement with the analytical results.

Introduction: Cyclosporine A (CsA) plays a confounding role in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome (NS) in children. It is a widely used in pediatric nephrology practice for the treatment of patients with steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) and steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). Aim of the study: To assess hearing defects in children with steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS) and steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), before and after receiving CsA for 6 months. Methods: Prospective observational study was conducted on 25 pediatric patients with SDNS and SRNS in pediatric nephrology clinic, Children's hospital, Ain Shams University, were trialed to evaluate hearing defects before and after receiving CsA for 6 months. Patients were subjected to history taking and basic audiological evaluation before and 6 months after initiation of CsA treatment. Results: Valid cases showed that the average mean hearing threshold shows non-significant changes before and after six months of cyclosporine A treatment with (p= 0.954) at 250 Hz, (p= 0.868) at 500 Hz, (p= 0.473) at 1000 Hz, (p= 0.680) at 2000 Hz, (p= 0.535) at 4000 Hz and (p= 0.865) at 8000 Hz respectively. There was no correlation between age, weight, height, age at first clinical presentation, duration of corticosteroid intake, regarding average of hearing before and after six months of cyclosporine A treatment. Concerning speech and language evaluation, all patients had bilateral excellent speech discrimination before and after CsA treatment. Immitancemetry showed bilateral type A tympanogram reflecting normal middle ear pressure in all patients before and after CsA treatment. Conclusion:CsA cause no hearing impairment effect on patients with SDNS and SRNS after 6 months of administration. We may suggest that there is no sufficient evidence to consider routine audiological assessment in children with SDNS and SRNS treated with CsA.

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