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Background: Nationally, information regarding risk factors for early and late recurrence of ischemic stroke is limited. Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for early and late recurrent ischemic stroke.

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<b><i>Background:</i></b> The burden of stroke weighs heavily in developing countries where recurrence rates clearly exceed that of developed countries. The impact of nonadherence to antithrombotic treatment within this context has been poorly investigated. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The objective of this study was to evaluate patients with recurrent ischemic stroke in Egypt and Germany with focus on stroke subtype distribution and adherence to antithrombotic therapy. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We conducted a comparative cross-sectional retrospective cohort study enrolling consecutive patients hospitalized for recurrent ischemic stroke in 2017 in 2 academic centers. Data were collected on demographics, risk factors, stroke subtypes, and medication adherence. Nonadherence to antithrombotic agents was analyzed at the time point of index stroke (recurrent stroke). Predictors of nonadherence were analyzed using logistic regression. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 373 Egyptian and 468 German patients with ischemic stroke were included. The proportion of recurrent ischemic stroke among all patients was higher in the Egyptian cohort compared to the German cohort (33 vs. 10%, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). Small-vessel occlusion stroke was the most frequent subtype in Egyptians, with a significantly greater proportion than in Germans (45 vs. 26%, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). Nonadherence to antiplatelets at the time point of the recurrent stroke was higher in Egyptians than in Germans (82 vs. 19%, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). Low educational attainment among Egyptians (OR 0.14, 95% CI [0.00–0.19], <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01) and high comorbidity scores among Germans (OR 2.45, 95% CI [1.06–5.66], <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05) were found to be predictors of nonadherence to antithrombotic treatment. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The large stroke recurrence burden in Egypt may be partly explained by differing adherence to secondary preventative antithrombotic pharmacotherapy. Predictors of medication nonadherence have to be addressed to reduce stroke recurrence disparities.

Background: Cognitive dysfunction is common complaints among diabetic patients their occurrence emanate a great topic during the illness, so our study aimed to examine the occurrence and the pattern of executive dysfunctions in patients with type 2 DM. Methods: 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus matched with 40 control subjects by age, sex, and educational level. They were examined for executive functions by event-related potentials (P300) and executive functions battery Results: patients with type 2 DM showed significantly affected P300 regarding both latency and amplitude. When using the executive functions battery, it showed deficits in most of the executive function tests with a significant difference between cases and control groups. There was a significant relationship between poor cognitive scores in diabetic patients and P300. Also, a significant positive correlation detected between poor scores of cognitive function tests in diabetic patients and poor glycemic control detected byHbA1c. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetes is associated with accelerated cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia, particularly in older individuals. Our findings suggest that surface-recorded ERPs and executive functions battery is useful for determining and follow up the changes in brain function associated with diabetes mellitus, appropriate management, and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus could prevent the onset and progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia so executive function battery could be more beneficial and significant than P300 in the assessment of diabetes mellitus related cognitive impairment.