Objective With this cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate factors associated with moderate and high risk of periodontal disease (PD) progression in the Saudi population. Methods We reviewed 281 patients’ clinical charts from predoctoral periodontal clinics at the dental teaching hospital in the College of Dentistry (COD) at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU) in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. After obtaining ethical approval, we determined the Periodontal Risk Assessment (PRA) of the included patients based on the modified criteria developed by Lang and Tonetti (2003) . We used logistic regression on stratified data and divided the results into two categories (low-moderate and high risk) to assess the effect modifier for potential risk factors. We used SPSS version 22 for data analysis, and considered a P-value ≤ 0.05 to be statistically significant. Results Out of the 281 patients, 104 (37.0%) were male and 177 (63.0%) were female, with a mean age of 39.9 ± 14.0 years; 78.1% were Saudi nationals, 77% were married, and 44.6% were in the age group of 30 to 49. The PRA revealed 86 (30.5%) to represent high risk, 108 (38.3%) denoted moderate risk, and 88 (31.2%) signaled low risk for periodontitis. Logistic regression analysis showed that males were three times more likely to have high PRA (OR = 3.24) and to be married (OR = 2.77), as well as to be active smokers (OR = 8.87). The highest predictive factors of high PRA were 8 or more pockets ≥ 5 mm (OR = 29.0), those with active diabetes mellitus (DM; OR = 10.2), and those with 8 or more missing teeth (OR = 9.15). Conclusion Saudi males who are married and have residual periodontal pockets, are actively diabetic, and with missing teeth are at high risk of PD. Further research is needed with a larger sample size comparing the general population with and without PD.

Denture base fracture is one of the most annoying problems for both prosthodontists and patients. Denture repair is considered to be an appropriate solution rather than fabricating a new denture. Digital denture fabrication is widely spreading nowadays. However, the repair strength of CAD-CAM milled and 3D-printed resins is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of surface treatment on the shear bond strength (SBS) of conventionally and digitally fabricated denture base resins. One l heat-polymerized (Major base20), two milled (IvoCad, AvaDent), and three 3D-printed (ASIGA, NextDent, FormLabs) denture base resins were used to fabricate 10 × 10 × 3.3 acrylic specimens (N = 180, 30/resin, n = 10). Specimens were divided into three groups according to surface treatment; no treatment (control), monomer application (MMA), or sandblasting (SB) surface treatments were performed. Repair resin was bonded to the resin surface followed by thermocycling (5000 cycles). SBS was tested using a universal testing machine where a load was applied at the resin interface (0.5 mm/min). Data were collected and analyzed using ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey test (α = 0.05). SEM was used for failure type and topography of fractured surfaces analysis. The heat-polymerized and CAD-CAM milled groups showed close SBS values without significance (p > 0.05), while the 3D-printed resin groups showed a significant decrease in SBS (p < 0.0001). SBS increased significantly with monomer application (p < 0.0001) except for the ASIGA and NextDent groups, which showed no significant difference compared to the control groups (p > 0.05). All materials with SB surface treatment showed a significant increase in SBS when compared with the controls and MMA application (p < 0.0001). Adhesive failure type was observed in the control groups, which dramatically changed to cohesive or mixed in groups with surface treatment. The SBS of 3D-printed resin was decreased when compared with the conventional and CAD-CAM milled resin. Regardless of the material type, SB and MMA applications increased the SBS of the repaired resin and SB showed high performance.

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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the root morphology of mandibular molar teeth using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in patients with periodontal disease. MethodsIn total, 88 patients were included in this study (70 patients with periodontitis and 18 patients with nonperiodontitis). This cross-sectional study involved CBCT images taken for patients who visited the dental clinic of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU) from January 2019 to March 2021. The following data were analyzed on the mandibular molars: root length, number of root canals, root trunk, distance between roots, accessory canals in the furcation area (ACF), bone loss, and furcation involvement. ResultsThe mesial root was longer than the distal root in the mandibular molars of periodontitis and nonperiodontitis patients. A statistically significant difference was observed between non-periodontitis and periodontitis patients regarding the number of mesial root canals of the mandibular first molar; 70% had two root canals in non-periodontitis patients, compared with 86.1% in periodontitis patients (p = 0.04). First molars of non-periodontitis patients had significantly longer root trunks than periodontitis patients (4.65 ± 0.90 compared with 4.09 ± 1.02, p = 0.007). There was a statistically significant difference in bone loss between non-periodontitis and periodontitis patients (0% and 25% for first molars, and 2.8% and 23.6% for second molars, respectively). Accessory furcation canals were 2.9 % in second molars and 7.1 % in first molars in periodontitis patients, which were higher compared with non-periodontitis patients. ConclusionsThe first molar showed a longer root trunk in non-periodontitis patients than in periodontitis patients. The mean mesial and distal root lengths were also greater in the first than the second molar. Accessory canals in the furcation area were more observed in first molars than in second molars in periodontitis patients compared with non-periodontitis patients.