Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a rare and often underdiagnosed condition, which commonly results from a cerebrospinal fluid leak. The classic clinical presentation of SIH is a postural headache and dizziness. Less frequent complications include nausea, neck stiffness, and even coma. This case report describes a 70-year-old woman with an initial complaint of postural headaches and sleep attacks, who developed a 22-month progressive history of personality and behavioral changes, cognitive decline, urinary incontinence, chorea, and dysarthria. Although no specific cerebrospinal fluid leak was identified, the patient was suspected of having SIH and her symptoms completely reversed after a 2-month course of steroids. This case highlights that SIH represents a rare and reversible cause of a wide spectrum of neurological symptoms, including dementia. Neurologists should be aware of this diagnosis when evaluating patients with neurological signs and symptoms that cannot otherwise be explained.

Background: Covid-19 pandemic is an uncharted territory for the world's population. Countries are seeing measures they would have never considered under democratic governance in an attempt to contain case numbers. The role of outside air temperatures have been implicated as a potential factor involved in disease transmission. However, to this date, there has been no clear evidence to suggest either way. Along with temperatures, infection control and protection measures as well as how well people adopt these measures are likely to play a role in disease transmission and case growth rates seen across countries. Methods: The current study uses panel data estimation for the original EU-15 countries in an attempt to explain the role of outside air temperatures, health behavior and governmentimposed containment measures on Covid-19 transmission rates. Results: The preliminary evidence suggests that containment measures are highly effective in slowing down the spread of Covid-19. Years of education also appears to have a small but negative association with disease transmission rates suggesting that populations with higher educational attainments may be doing a better job of self-protection. Temperature appears to have a very small, but statistically significant impact on the viral transmission rate where a 1 C increase in temperatures is estimated to reduce Covid-19 transmission by 0.9 percent. Conclusion: Results are robust and clear. Temperature plays a small but significant role on Covid-19 transmission rates. However, it is quite possible that we may not have yet reached temperatures which may exert more pronounced effects on viral activity. Further research is warranted when more data becomes available, especially covering the months of July and August.

Although the linkages between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Human Capital Investment (HC) and economic growth have been of special interest in many lines of research for quite some time, there is no clear-cut evidence as to suggest a concrete arrow of causality between these variables. This article employs a bounds test analysis for co-integration and Granger causality test to investigate a long-term relationship between FDI, HC and economic growth in Turkey after 1970. Our results indicate that although there is no evidence for the FDI-led growth hypothesis in Turkey, there is evidence for causality in the backwards direction. There is also a strong arrow of causality running from HC to FDI and economic growth. Our findings are in line with the existing literature on the linkages between HC and economic growth; however, the fact that FDI does not cause economic growth contradicts a vast range of work in the literature. To this end, we employ a trivariate framework to analyse whether FDI and HC jointly Granger-cause per capita economic growth. Although FDI alone does not exhibit a causal relationship with per capita income growth, it is the case where FDI and HC jointly produce this result.

Since 1974, U.N. peacekeepers on the divided Mediterranean island of Cyprus have patrolled a buffer zone that divides the Greek-leaning, government-controlled south from the northern third, the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). The economy of Northern Cyprus resembles that of other small islands with negligible industrial production that rely on the service sector to generate income. What makes Northern Cyprus unique, however, is that the rest of the world does not acknowledge it as a separate political entity. This limits economic functions because the “country” cannot trade freely and depends on Turkey, the only nation to formally recognize Northern Cyprus.

Dementia is a group of neurodegenerative disorders with multifactorial and complex etiologies. While a specific pathway is not identified, a number of associations have been reported in an attempt to understand the complexity of the condition. There is robust evidence both from cohort and case-control studies regarding the possibly protective effects of years of schooling on developing dementia later on in life. While theories exist why increased educational attainments may protect our cognitive abilities, the relevant literature suffers from a gap in formal empirical cross-country evidence. Recent literature on clinical dementia also suggests a role for cold exposure in development of dementia in the old age, possibly creating a geographic gradient between colder and warmer countries. This study aims to empirically test the relationship between years of schooling and dementia prevalence rates in the 28 EU countries (UK included) with further focus on climate differentials, using panel data estimation. Results from this study provide evidence in favor of a significant negative relationship between years of schooling and dementia prevalence rates in the EU-28. Climate differentials, on the other hand, only provide a weak association. Further research on broader geographic areas can shed more light on this possible association with broader range of temperatures observed.