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Safflower is a conspicuous energy crop might be used as a biofuel and raw material source for vegetable oil and animal feed sectors. It has a potential to reduce energy and oil dependency of Turkey reached to a high level due to its capacity. Weeds can cause yield loss because they compete with the crop for water, light, space, and nutrients in safflower. Weed control practices, therefore, should be made efficiently to gain high safflower yield. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of pendimethalin, s-metolachlor, and chlorsulfuron to control weeds and the response of safflower to them. The field experiments

The effects of the residues of sulfosulfuron (75%) and mesosulfuron methyl (3%) + iodosulfuron methyl sodium (0.6%) (MM+IMS), applied at two spraying times and three application rates on two sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annus L. cv. Sanbro and cv. Aitana) seeded 12 months after treatment (MAT) were studied. Specifically, their effects on the shoot length, seed yield, and yield components, including plant length, head diameter (HD), and 1000-seed weight were investigated. Field studies were conducted over a period of two years at two locations in Ankara, Turkey. Sulfosulfuron and MM+IMS were applied post-emergence to winter wheat in 2008 at 0, 9.75, 19.5 and 39 g active ingredient (ai) ha-1 and 0, 4.5, 9 and 18 g total ai ha-1 , respectively. Sunflower cultivars were sowed after winter wheat crop in 2009. Sunflower yield was found to be the most sensitive biological parameter to the herbicidal residue in the soil, while the 1000-seed weight was the least sensitive. Sunflower yield reduction caused by sulfosulfuron ranged from 71 to 100% and 27 to 81% in site 1 and site 2 depending on the application time, variety, and application rate, respectively. Sunflower yield at site 1 was reduced 15-76% for cv. Sanbro and 20-83% for cv. Aitana when MM+IMS treated early respectively, whereas, at site 2, the same treatment resulted in 22-36% yield reduction for cv. Sanbro and 28-43% for cv. Aitana. The yield reduction caused by the same MM+IMS rates were 49-85% for cv. Sanbro and 60-87% for cv. Aitana when MM+IMS treated late at site 1 and 49-84% for cv. Sanbro and 47-87% for cv. Aitana at site 2, respectively. Generally, the sunflower yields decreased as the dose of the chosen herbicide increased at both sites. The responses of sunflower cultivars to residues of sulfosulfuron were very similar, whereas slight differences were observed between sunflower cultivars with regard to the response to MM+IMS residue. Sulfosulfuron residues were more phytotoxic to the sunflower varieties than were MM+IMS at both sites.

Vejetatif filtre şeritleri yüzey akışı ile gelen tarımsal kimyasalların sulak alanlara ulaşmasının engellenmesi veya ulaşan yüzey akışı içerisindeki tarımsal kimyasalların miktarının azaltılması amacıyla oluşturulan bitki bariyerleridir. Bu bitkisel bariyerler, tarımsal amaçla kullanılan organik ve suni gübreler ile pestisitlerin özellikle herbisitlerin su kaynakları kirletmesine mani olmakta oldukça yararlı yapılardır. Canlı bitki şeritleri yüzey akışı ile gelen suyun önemli bir kısmını toprak yüzeyinden aşağıya drene ederek su kaynağına ulaşan yüzey suyu miktarını düşürür. Kullanılan bitki türlerine bağlı olarak filtre şeritleri herbisitlerin degradasyonun hızlanmasına da yardımcı olabilirler. Canlı bitki şeritlerindeki bitkiler tarımsal üretimde kullanılan herbisitlerden etkilenmeyen veya onları metabolize edebilen çok yıllık bitki türleri arasından seçilir. Sulak alanlara ulaşan herbisit miktarı tarım alanlarının eğiminin ve ani yağışların şiddetinin ve süresinin artmasına bağlı olarak artış gösterir. İklim koşullarında yaşanan değişim şiddetli ani yağışların oluş sıklığının ve bu yağışların şiddetinin artmasını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Vejetatif filtre şeritleri ülkemiz gibi farklı ekim sistemlerine, değişik toprak tiplerine ve iklim koşullarına sahip ülkelerde uzun yıllardır başarı ile kullanılmaktadır.

The response of winter barley to drift doses of imazamoxResponse of the winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Aydan Hanım) to imazamox drift rates was determined in trial experiments conducted Ankara province (Gölbaşı, Halaçlı village) in 2014 and 2016. The herbicide at the doses of 0.625, 0.315 and 0.08 g active ingredient (a.i.) da -1 was applied to winter barley plants during the first node stage using a CO2 pressurised knapsack sprayer. The field trials were set randomised block design with 4 repetitions. Phytotoxicity and yield loss caused by the lowest rate of herbicide was very limited while the yield loss caused by the high doses were very high. Parcel yields used at the highest herbicide dose (0.625 g a.i. da -1 ) was reduced by 55% compared to the untreated control in 2016 when precipitation was higher than normal. There was a closely relation between efficacy of the drift doses of herbicide and weather conditions. High amount of precipitation during the active growth stage can increase the detrimental effects of the herbicide. Keywords