Background Several therapeutic agents have been assessed for the treatment of COVID-19, but few approaches have been proven efficacious. Because leukotriene receptor antagonists such as montelukast have been shown to reduce both cytokine release and lung inflammation in preclinical models of viral influenza and acute respiratory distress syndrome, we hypothesized that therapy with montelukast would reduce clinical deterioration as measured by the COVID-19 Ordinal Scale.Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of COVID-19 confirmed hospitalized patients treated with or without montelukast. We used “clinical deterioration” as the primary endpoint, a binary outcome defined as any increase in the Ordinal Scale value from Day 1 to Day 3 of hospital stay, as these data were uniformly available for all admitted patients before hospital discharge. Rates of clinical deterioration between the montelukast and non-montelukast groups were compared using the Fisher’s exact test. Univariate logistic regression was also used to assess the association between montelukast use and clinical deterioration.Results A total of 92 patients were analyzed, 30 received montelukast at the discretion of the treating physician and 62 patients who did not receive montelukast. Patients receiving montelukast experienced significantly fewer events of clinical deterioration compared to patients not receiving montelukast (10% vs 32%, p = 0.022). Sensitivity analysis among those without asthma showed a trend toward fewer clinical deterioration events in the montelukast group than non-montelukast groups (11% vs 33%, p = 0.077). Sensitivity analysis among those who did not receive azithromycin showed fewer clinical deterioration events in the montelukast group vs. non-montelukast groups (8% vs 32%, p = 0.030).Conclusions Our findings suggest that montelukast associates with a reduction in clinical deterioration for COVID-19 confirmed patients as measured on the COVID-19 Ordinal Scale. Montelukast may have activity in COVID-19 infection, and future efforts should evaluate this potential therapy.

Abstract:We study the partition function N = 1 5D U(N ) gauge theory with g adjoint hypermultiplets and show that for massless adjoint hypermultiplets it is equal to the partition function of a two dimensional topological field on a genus g Riemann surface. We describe the topological field theory by its amplitudes associated with cap, propagator and pair of pants. These basic amplitudes are open topological string amplitudes associated with certain Calabi-Yau threefolds in the presence of Lagrangian branes.