Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) comprise of large number of sensor nodes, which sense and measure various physical phenomena related parameters and transmit the measured data towards the base station by making use of the neighbouring nodes acting as relay nodes. In order to extend the lifetime of a WSN application, it is necessary to distribute the energy dissipated among the nodes evenly in the network and improve the overall system performance. The lifetime of network depends on the underlying routing protocol. This paper presents various energy-efficient routing protocols being widely used. A performance comparison of direct transmission protocol, MTE protocol and LEACH protocol and improved LEACH and multi-level LEACH protocols like MLEACH protocol, DD-LEACH protocol and TL-LEACH protocol is presented. This work also proposes an energy efficient and improved multi-level LEACH protocol and DD-TL-LEACH protocol. For the purpose of simulation analysis, the NS-3 simulation platform has been made use of.

In recent years, the home environment has seen a rapid increase in usage of network enabled digital technologies that offer new and exciting opportunities to increase the connectivity of devices within the home environment for the purpose of home automation. One of such digital technologies is known as ZigBee which is a recent wireless standard based on IEEE 802.15.4 used for Personal Area Networks. ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications, the low powerusage allows longer life with smaller batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range. This paper provides the performance analysis of different wireless mobile ad hoc routing protocols like OLSR INRIA, OLSRv2 NAGATA, ZRP, AODV and DYMO based on their effect on the quality of service by using CBR application in Zigbee home automation network using static IEEE 802.15.4. The QOS parameters such as data packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay, jitter, and throughput are investigated as the performance metrics. The results show that even though AODV gives the highest throughput of 95% and receive 25 packets which is highest amongst all five protocols but still overall OLSR INRIA is the best suited routing protocol for CBR application of Zigbee home automation since it produced lowest jitter value of 0.04 and lowest average endto-end delay value of 0.23 which are both favorable conditions for better performance of CBR application of Zigbee home automation network. General TermsIEEE802.15.4 (Zigbee) , WSN et al.

Abstract