The study was carried out on a total of 250 Gir cattle, which covered those presented to the Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College in Junagadh (Gujarat) for therapeutic measures and some from Gaushala near to Junagadh region. The animals were screened for common hemoprotozoan infection based on blood smear examination to record the prevalence rate of infection. The overall prevalence of hemoprotozoan infections recorded on the basis of microscopic examination of blood smears was 35.20 %. Out of these, 64 (25.60%) were positive for Theileria spp., 20 (8%) for Babesia spp., and 4 (1.6%) for Anaplasma spp. a highest prevalence was recorded in April (64.70%), followed by March (57.14%) and February (42.85%). The lowest prevalence was recorded in the month of December (5.88%). The highest prevalence was recorded in the summer season (40.71%), followed by rainy (34.37%) and winter season (19.56%). The highest prevalence of hemoprotozoan infection (41.86%) was recorded in Gir cattle of 3 to 8 years age group followed by 32.35% in 6 months to 3 years age group, and the lowest prevalence was recorded (24.32%) in older animals 8 years and above age group.

Rabbits are vulnerable to get variety of parasitic infestations and among them the incidence of mange is quite high (Rajeshwari et al., 2001). Sarcoptes mange infestation is one of the most common and major constraint in commercial rabbit production in India (Darzi et al., 2007). Burrowing mites (Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati) present a zoonotic danger; affecting dogs, cats and humans causing a transient itching dermatosis. Sarcoptes scabiei is more common mange in rabbits and distinguished by presence or absence of prurites, morphology of mite and distribution of lesions and if left untreated may cause significant morbidity and economic losses (Bhardwaj et al., 2012). Ivermectin is used as broad spectrum parasiticide in domestic animals and is also used for acariosis (Aulakh et al., 2003). The present communication reports successful therapeutic management of Sarcoptic mange in rabbits with ivermectin.

Human-wildlife conflict is of growing concern because it threatens the survival of many wildlife species. This is especially true in case of large felids, most of which are threatened primarily due to anthropogenic causes, with conflict accounting for the highest mortality. Due to the increase in number of leopard and reduction of land area, the human-leopard conflict has increased, though the direct human interference with leopard is not seen but indirect use of the land and reduction of the natural prey to leopard and decreased prey base drastically have increased the indirect conflict with humans in many forms and the major one is the livestock depredation. In this study, we attempt to elucidate the ecological and social factors that drive such conflict in agricultural landscape in Vansda taluka of South Gujarat. We report an average 21.8 incidents of livestock depredation a year by the leopard. The depredation of Goats 43.12%, poultry 27.06 and Cow 19.72% formed the frequently attacked livestock and amongst the regions, the highest number of attacks (n=62) were in North zone followed by the Central zone (n=26) of Vansda taluka. Leopard's highest attack on livestock near sugarcane field was recorded during early morning (49.59%) followed by late evening (28.46%). The study revealed that a total of 50.46% attacks were in the evening, 80.20% infants of livestock were attacked and 75.63% attacks were when livestock is tied in the shed. The useful recommendations were concluded out of the study for forest department, local NGOs and farmers/villagers of the study area.

Dogs may be exposed to pesticides used in and around the home. Pesticide toxicity is very common in pets when these drugs are used to control insects and ecto-parasites. Herbicides applied to lawns are also found to be toxic for dogs. Alpha-cypermethrin is an active pyrethroid of many insecticides and effectively controls a wide range of pests in agriculture. Pesticides with alpha-cypermethrin available in the market as a concentrate in suspension or mixed with other insecticides (Luty et al., 1998) comprise the alpha C isomers of cypermethrin which are considered to be two- to three-fold more toxic than cypermethrin and are one of the most effective pyrethroids (Hartnik et al., 2008). This communication reports a case of á-cypermethrin toxicity and its clinical management in a Labrador.

This study was undertaken on 36 freshly calved cows randomly divided into 6 equal groups under field conditions. Cows of group-VI that shed placenta within 8-12 hours postpartum naturally served as healthy control. The cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM, n = 18) for more than 12 hrs were managed either by manual removal of placenta without antibiotics (group-I), parenteral antibiotic (Ceftiofur 1 g i/m) for three consecutive days (group-II) or a combination of both (group-III). In group-IV and group-V, cows were administered with Inj. Oxytocin @ 50 IU i/m and Inj. Dinoprost tromethamine (PGF2α) @ 25 mg i/m, respectively, immediately after parturition and time of placental shedding was recorded. The overall prevalence of Brucellosis by RBPT was found to be 5.55 % amongst these 36 animals. The placental expulsion in groups following medicinal treatment was found to be 50 (3/6) % in Ceftiofur alone by 3 days (group-II), and 66.67 (4/6) % in Oxytocin (group-IV) and 100 (6/6) % in PGF2α inj. (group-V) groups within 12 hrs. The time of uterine involution in groups I to VI was found to be 42.00 ± 1.94, 39.50 ± 0.99, 40.67 ± 1.39, 38.33 ± 1.55, 37.50 ± 1.02 and 37.33 ± 1.76 days, respectively, while the interval for the appearance of first postpartum estrus was 54.83 ± 2.06, 51.00 ± 1.05, 52.17 ± 1.96, 50.17 ± 2.03, 48.67 ± 1.90 and 49.17 ± 1.55 days, respectively, which did not vary statistically. The mean serum progesterone profile obtained on day 0 and day 21 postpartum was statistically non-significant between groups. However, it was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower on day 0 as compared to day 21 in group-I, II and VI. The levels on day 0 coincided with the time of blood sampling after calving. The high level of serum P4 on day 0 in group-IV and V could be due to sampling immediately after calving. The serum calcium and phosphorus levels were significantly(p less than 0.05) lower on day 0 than on day 21, but not the magnesium. The group effect was however non-significant for any of three minerals. It was observed that manual removal of RFM without parenteral antibiotics, resulted in puerperal metritis, cervicitis, pyometra which ultimately resulted into delayed uterine involution, delayed first postpartum estrus and thus, reduced the postpartum reproductive efficiency. It was inferred that the PGF2α and Oxytocin injections could be used as a treatment of choice for prevention of RFMs in cattle.