The existing ground-based radio monitoring systems do not allow performing the functions and tasks of radio spectrum monitoring in a quality manner. Therefore, to improve the efficiency of the radio spectrum monitoring systems for countries with a large territory, such as the Republic of Kazakhstan, it is proposed to use low-orbit small spacecrafts as radio monitoring stations. The analysis of the energy budget of radio lines on the basis of existing radio electronic means on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, carried out in this work, showed the possibility of using low-orbit small spacecrafts for performing the functions and tasks of radio monitoring. The paper proposes and develops a method for determining the coordinates of radio emission sources based on the goniometric method using scanning antennas on board of one spacecraft. The ranges of the antenna scanning angles are substantiated, and the estimates of the coordinates determination errors are made. Algorithms have been developed and computer programs have been compiled to determine the coordinates of the radio emission sources, which will make it possible to use this method at the initial stages of developing a radio spectrum monitoring system based on one small spacecraft.

This work presents sharing studies between 5G networks and point-to-point fixed service in the 6425–7125 MHz band. In this research, we provide simulations of interference from 5G downlink and uplink to fixed service in the frequency band 6425–7125 MHz. We evaluated several scenarios of interference, which include cross-border scenarios, as well as scenarios of interference within the borders of one administration. The obtained results of this work are presented as protection distance and frequency offsets that are required in order to achieve compatibility between 5G and FS in the 6425–7125 MHz band. The spectrum engineering techniques presented in this research can help different companies and regulatory administrations in their spectrum management and frequency regulation activities and seriously improve the efficiency of implementation for 5G technologies.

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Extensively increasing numbers of radio electronic devices significantly complicate the electromagnetic situation under conditions of radio frequency spectrum deficiency and require improvement in the functions and mechanisms of spectrum monitoring systems. Today, in the framework of the existing ground-borne spectrum monitoring system, it is impossible to qualitatively perform the functions and problems of spectrum monitoring. Spectrum (radio) monitoring is one of the main techniques for spectrum load estimation to solve problems of perspective management of the radio frequency spectrum with the purpose of developing new radio technologies. Therefore, the problem of improving the effectiveness of spectrum monitoring does not lose relevance. When solving such problems, one of the most important factors is the extraction of an effective signal with background noise and interference. Therefore, the effectiveness of the Kalman filter application for satellite-based radio monitoring systems is considered in this study. The proposed method for detecting radio signals using Kalman filters makes it possible to make correct decisions with high accuracy. The simulation results show that Kalman filters work effectively even at a negative signal-to-noise ratio (90% and higher), adapting to the original signal at different noise dispersions in a noisy signal. It can be concluded that this method can be successfully applied to solve problems of detecting sources of radiation of a certain frequency according to the signal registered by the onboard receiver of the satellite spectrum monitoring system. The influence of the Kalman filter decisionmaking speed on the results of radio signal processing was estimated.INDEX TERMS Kalman filter, low-orbit small spacecraft, Satellite Spectrum Monitoring radio-frequency spectrum, radio monitoring.