Introduction: Due to the numerous unfavorable impact of present day drugs individuals used to incline toward herbal medications. The traditional prescriptions are progressively requested through the traditional experts and herbalists in the treatment of irresistible ailments. Medicinal plants assume a fundamental part for the improvement of new medications. Cassia fistula is a medicinal plant and belongs to a Caesalpiniaceae family which is usually recognized as Amulthus as well as 'Indian Laburnum' is an English term used for Amulthus, generally employed as a part of medicine ayurvedic system on behalf of different infirmities.Objective: To search out traditional uses by the local population, medicinal substances, their qualities and effects as well as chemical constituents in Cassia fistula are the aims of article that makes available a complete detail.Findings: Cassis fistula is a medium size short-lived tree with long and cylindrical fruits containing pulp and furthermore with a splendid yellow shaded flower. The tree is local to Pakistan, generally discovered east of the Indus in the fields and proceeding with north into the Himalayas to a rise of roughly 1200 meters. In Pakistan it is developed all through the field region. The present article gives a record of refreshed data on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. The audit uncovers that wide quantities of phytochemical constituents have been separated from the plant perform activity such as destroying parasitic worms especially of the intestine, reduce fever, inhibit oxidation, killing larval pests, destroying fungi, anti-leishmaniatic function, destroying bacteria and other microbes, also anti-fiery activity, activity against tumor, as well as cough suppressant, activity of central nervous system, impact of clastogenic, having tendency to loosen or relax means producing bowel moment as well as relieving constipation, Impact against anxiety, impact of comforting, a damage mending impact, Hypolipidemic action, Hypocholesterolemic, Leukotriene restraint, Hepatoprotective as well as hypoglycemic activity.

The study aimed to synthesize non-noxious, clean, reliable, and green sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) from Citrus limon leaves. The synthesized SNPs were used to analyze particle size, zeta potential, UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, and ATR-FTIR. The prepared SNPs exhibited a globule size of 55.32 ± 2.15 nm, PDI value of 0.365 ± 0.06, and zeta potential of −12.32 ± 0.23 mV. The presence of SNPs was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy in the range of 290 nm. The SEM image showed that the particles were spherical with a size of 40 nm. The ATR-FTIR study showed no interaction, and all the major peaks were preserved in the formulations. An antimicrobial and antifungal study of SNPs was carried out against Gram-positive bacteria (Staph. aureus, Bacillus), Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Bordetella), and fungal strains (Candida albicans). The study showed that Citrus limon extract SNPs exhibited better antimicrobial and antifungal activities against Staph. aureus, Bacillus, E. coli, Bordetella, and Candida albicans at a minimal inhibitory concentration of 50 μg/mL. Different antibiotics were used alone and in combination with SNPs of Citrus limon extract to evaluate their activity against various strains of bacteria and fungal strains. The study showed that using SNPs of Citrus limon extract with antibiotics has a synergistic effect against Staph.aureus, Bacillus, E. coli, Bordetella, and Candida albicans. SNPs were embedded in nanohydrogel formulations for in vivo (wound healing) studies. In preclinical studies, SNPs of Citrus limon extract embedded within a nanohydrogel formulation (NHGF4) have shown promising results. To be widely used in clinical settings, further studies are needed to evaluate their safety and efficacy in human volunteers.

Acid phosphatases (EC 3.1.3.2) are widely distributed in nature and often occur in multiple forms differing in molecular sizes, localization within the cell, substrate specificity and sensitivity to inhibitors. 1) In animals its biological role is not yet clear but it is involved in many biological systems which are linked to energy metabolism, metabolic regulation and cellular signal transduction path ways. 2)Mammalian liver contains two acid phosphatase forms (molecular weight 90-107 kDa and 14-30 kDa) and these can be separated by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-75. [3][4][5][6] The effects of inhibitors, substrates and kinetic parameters also distinguish between the enzymes. 7-9) The acid phosphatase (molecular weight 107 kDa) purified from human liver to homogeneity had been extensively characterized. 5,8) The enzymes from liver of carp, catfish and frog had also been purified [10][11][12] and found to be glycoprotein in nature. Previously, low molecular weight acid phosphatases had been purified from human liver, 9,13) bovine liver, 3,14,15) rat liver, 16,17) porcine liver, 18) bovine heart, 19,20) brain, 21) human placenta 22) and human erythrocytes. 23) In all cases, the enzymes had molecular weights ranging between 14-18 kDa.Two distinct isoforms of low molecular weight acid phosphatase exist in rat liver (AcP1 and AcP2), human erythrocytes (B fast and B slow ) and human placenta (HCPTP-A and HCPTP-B) and these have also been isolated, characterized and sequenced. 17,24,25) The AcP1, B fast and HCPTP-A have been classified as IF-1 while AcP2, B slow , HCPTP-B, bovine heart PTPase and bovine liver PTPase as IF-2. IF-1 and IF-2 differ from each other in type specific sequence of the 40-73 regions, in substrate affinity and in the sensitivity to activators and inhibitors. 26) In our laboratory we have also purified and characterized these enzyme couples from chicken liver 27) and uromastix liver. 28) These differ in pyridoxal-5Ј-PO 4 inhibition, cGMP activation and some kinetic parameters. Both isoenzyme couples possess phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase activity. None of all enzymes (LM-ACP and HM-ACP) need metal ion for their activity.Another class of acid phosphatases called Zn ϩϩ -dependent acid phosphatases, exist in two forms of different molecular weight. 29,30) Zn ϩϩ -dependent acid phosphatases have also been isolated and characterized in the liver of different vertebrates. 31)This paper describes the purification and characterization of LM-ACP and HM-ACP from fish (Labeo rohita) liver and the resolution of the two low molecular weight isoenzymes (IF-1 and IF-2 types) by affinity chromatography on paminobenzyl phosphonic acid-agarose column. MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterials L. rohita (common name Rohu) was captured from Indus river (N.W.F.P. Pakistan) and liver was excised immediately and stored at 4°C for use. para-Nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP), phenyl phosphate, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), phosphotyrosine and other substrates were purchased from Merk, Fluka and Sigma Chemical Co.; SDS molecular ...

Purpose: Cotton is the backbone of Pakistan economy, as country is the 4th largest producer of cotton in the world. Despite this importance there is steep decline in cotton production over time due to climate change. The need to evaluate the potential of adaptation in improving cotton yield has necessitated this study. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study is based on the farm household survey of four cotton producing districts, two from each Punjab and Sindh that were purposively selected from heat stress regions of Pakistan. Data were analyzed through multinomial endogenous switching regression model and treatment effect framework. Findings: Farm management practices were evaluated for their significance in reducing adverse impacts of climatic extremes on cotton yield. Adaptation in the combination of first three strategies observed to be the most successful strategies in increasing yield. Implications/Originality/Value: For effective adaptation access to credit and extension, education, farming experience, and sources of information revealed to be important predictors