Kidney transplantation (KT) is the most successful treatment for end-stage renal disease patients. But objective data about patients' willingness to undergo kidney transplant is still lacking in Pakistan. Objective: To assess barriers to KT and identify factors which could influence the willingness regarding KT among hemodialysis dependent patients.  Methods: This cross-sectional study carried out at Dialysis Unit, Dept. of Urology and Kidney transplantation Lahore General Hospital, Lahore on 100 hemodialysis dependent patients by completion of structured questionnaire about their knowledge and attitudes toward KT and how satisfied they were with dialysis. Results: The mean age of the patients was 42.8 ± 10.6 years with 55% male and 45% female patients. The percentage of patients who were willing to get a kidney transplant was 60%. The main reason of unwillingness to undergo KT was lack of donor (83.3%). Motivating factors in patients to choose KT were vascular access constraints 75%, studies or work difficulties 70%, fluid and dietary restrictions account for 63.3%. The percentage of patients who wanted a deceased kidney for transplant was 50%, whereas the percentage of patients who preferred a living kidney for transplant was 25% (17 % relatives and 8% non-relatives) and 25% of patients had no preference. Conclusion: Willingness to get kidney transplant is relatively low in Pakistan. Lack of donor, fear of surgery and financial problems are the main barriers for KT in ESRD patient

Introduction: Renal growth in infancy determines renal function in adulthood and can easily be assessed via infant renal volume. Renal growth is influenced by many endogenous and exogenous factors among which nutrition is of prime importance. Worldwide, infants get their nutrition either from breast milk or formula, both of which have controversial roles in kidney growth and development. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on healthy infants in Pediatric Nephrology Department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore. These infants were either breastfed or artificially fed and their kidney volumes were noted to determine any significant difference in kidney size. Both informed and written consent was taken before data collection and the data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: Out of 80 infants included in our study, 55% were male and 45% were female. Mean age was 8.9 months and mean weight was 7.6 kg. Mean total kidney volume was 45.38 cm3 and mean relative kidney volume was 6.12 cm3/kg. No statistical difference in relative renal volume was found between breast fed and artificial fed infants. Conclusion: The present study aimed to compare the renal volume and thus renal growth in breast fed versus formula fed infants. No statistical significance was found in relative renal volume between breast fed and artificial fed infants.

Introduction Renal growth in infancy determines renal function in adulthood and can easily be assessed via infant renal volume. Renal growth is influenced by many endogenous and exogenous factors among which nutrition is of prime importance. Worldwide, infants get their nutrition either from breast milk or formula, both of which have controversial roles in kidney growth and development. Methods A cross-sectional study was done on healthy infants in the Pediatric Nephrology Department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore. These infants were either breastfed or artificially fed and their kidney volumes were noted to determine any significant difference in kidney size. Both informed and written consent was taken before data collection and the data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results Out of 80 infants included in our study, 55% were male and 45% were female. The mean age was 8.9 months and the mean weight was 7.6 kg. The mean total kidney volume was 45.38 cm3 and the mean relative kidney volume was 6.12 cm3/kg. No statistical difference in relative renal volume was found between breastfed and artificially fed infants. Conclusion The present study aimed to compare the renal volume and thus renal growth in breastfed versus formula-fed infants. No statistical significance was found in relative renal volume between breastfed and artificially fed infants.