Objective IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and IgA vasculitis (IgAV) are part of a similar clinical spectrum. Both clinical conditions occur with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review aims to recognize the novel association of IgAN and IgAV with COVID-19 and describe its underlying pathogenesis. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search and data extraction from PubMed, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results Our search identified 13 cases reporting IgAV and IgAN associated with COVID-19 infection and 4 cases of IgAN following COVID-19 vaccination. The mean, mode, and median ages of patients were 23.8, 4, and 8 years, respectively. Most cases associated with COVID-19 infection were reported in males (76.9%). Rash and purpura (84.6%) were the most common clinical features, followed by gastrointestinal symptoms (61.5%). In symptomatic cases, skin or renal biopsy and immunofluorescence confirmed the diagnosis of IgAN or IgAV. Most patients were treated with steroids and reported recovery or improvement; however, death was reported in two patients. Conclusion There is a paucity of scientific evidence on the pathogenesis of the association of IgAN and IgAV vasculitis with COVID-19, which thus needs further study. Current research suggests the role of IgA-mediated immune response, evidenced by early seroconversion to IgA in COVID-19 patients and the role of IgA in immune hyperactivation as the predominant mediator of the disease process. Clinicians, especially nephrologists and paediatricians, need to recognize this association, as this disease is usually self-limited and can lead to complete recovery if prompt diagnosis and treatment are provided.

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Introduction: Renal growth in infancy determines renal function in adulthood and can easily be assessed via infant renal volume. Renal growth is influenced by many endogenous and exogenous factors among which nutrition is of prime importance. Worldwide, infants get their nutrition either from breast milk or formula, both of which have controversial roles in kidney growth and development. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on healthy infants in Pediatric Nephrology Department of Mayo Hospital, Lahore. These infants were either breastfed or artificially fed and their kidney volumes were noted to determine any significant difference in kidney size. Both informed and written consent was taken before data collection and the data was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: Out of 80 infants included in our study, 55% were male and 45% were female. Mean age was 8.9 months and mean weight was 7.6 kg. Mean total kidney volume was 45.38 cm3 and mean relative kidney volume was 6.12 cm3/kg. No statistical difference in relative renal volume was found between breast fed and artificial fed infants. Conclusion: The present study aimed to compare the renal volume and thus renal growth in breast fed versus formula fed infants. No statistical significance was found in relative renal volume between breast fed and artificial fed infants.