Diagnostic imaging is increasingly being utilised to aid the diagnosis of compression and entrapment neuropathies. Cross-sectional imaging, primarily ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, can provide exquisite anatomical detail of peripheral nerves and the changes that may occur as a result of compression. Imaging can provide a useful diagnostic aid to clinicians, which may supplement clinical evaluation, and may eventually provide an alternative to other diagnostic techniques such as nerve conduction studies. This article describes the abnormalities that may be demonstrated by current imaging techniques, and critically analyses the impact of imaging in diagnosis of peripheral compressive neuropathy.
The circulatory disturbances seen in advanced cirrhosis lead to the development of ascites, which can become refractory to diet and medical therapy. These abnormalities may progress and cause a functional renal failure known as the hepatorenal syndrome. Management of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome is a therapeutic challenge, and if appropriate, liver transplantation remains the best treatment. New therapeutic options have recently appeared, including the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt and selective splanchnic vasoconstrictor agents, which may improve renal function and act as a bridge to transplantation.
E'rot)i t h p Zooloprccil L n b o r t r t o~y , Sttrtc University of Iowa.Relatively little \ I ork has been done in the past on the hypophysis of birds. Benoit' obtainetl evidence for the presence of gonadotropic hormones in hypophyses of sexually active ducks but not in those of inacti\-e ones. Similarly Riddle and Schooley2 found no effects from implanted hypophyses of pigeons less than 1.8 months old, while those of mature pigeons gave definite indication of the presence of some gonad stimulating principle. Since birds develop no true corpora lutea and differ also otherwise in their physiology of reproduction markedly from mammals, it seemed desirable to make a more complete. qualitative and quantitative analysis of their gonadotropic hormones.Through the courtesy of Mr. A. C. Gingerich, we were permitted to collect about 6000 hypophyses at the packing plant of the Maplecrest Turkey Farms at Wellman, Iowa. The glands were taken from birds about 6 months old, the hens weighing around 10 and the gobblers around 18 pounds. The fresh glands weigh about 13 mg. and 25 mg. respectively. However, the male glands lose more weight in the process of acetone-drying. One day's collection yielded 6.978 gm. dry powder from 1655 female glands and 9.900 gm. from 2047 male glands.The dry powder taken up in distilled water was assayed in 4 different tests. Table I gives the results obtained from injections into immature 21 day old rats. The largest dose (100 mg.) produces large ovaries which usually contain about as many corpora lutea as mature follicles. (However, in several cases the corpora were more numerous while in one case they were absent.) In the second group (50 mg.) the increase in ovarian weight is almost entirely due to the presence of many stimulated and mature follicles. A few incomplete corpora lutea are found in 3 cases. The third group (25 mg. ) has slightly increased ovaries that contain only few mature or distinctly enlarged follicles. However, sections through the vagina prove that enough estrogenic hormones were released to produce ~~ ~~ ~~ _ _~ -~ -~ ~ ~ Sided by grants from the Kationnl Research Council, Coixiniittee f o r Research in Problcnis of Sea.
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