Biofilms comprising aggregates of microorganisms or multicellular communities have been a major issue as they cause resistance against antimicrobial agents and biofouling. To date, numerous biofilm-forming microorganisms have been identified, which have been shown to result in major effects including biofouling and biofilm-related infections. Quorum sensing (which describes the cell communication within biofilms) plays a vital role in the regulation of biofilm formation and its virulence. As such, elucidating the various mechanisms responsible for biofilm resistance (including quorum sensing) will assist in developing strategies to inhibit and control the formation of biofilms in nature. Employing biological control measures (such as the use of bioactive compounds) in targeting biofilms is of great interest since they naturally possess antimicrobial activity among other favorable attributes and can also possibly act as potent antibiofilm agents. As an effort to re-establish the current notion and understanding of biofilms, the present review discuss the stages involved in biofilm formation, the factors contributing to its development, the effects of biofilms in various industries, and the use of various bioactive compounds and their strategies in biofilm inhibition.

Natural fibers are abundant in natural resources. Natural fibers have been used in various applications. Natural fibers have been proved to be extremely useful in multiple fields in the world.  Natural fibers possess great mechanical and optical properties. Nanocellulose fibers are obtained from plants and it has many applications. It can be used as a nanocomposite. They can be extracted by performing various techniques. It is used as a barrier due to its crystalline structure, which makes it difficult for molecules to flow through. Nanocellulose fibers are biodegradable, strong, lightweight, low density, and renewable since they have been produced from natural resources. They have immense applications in electricals, nanotechnology, medicine, drug delivery, aerospace, adsorbents, papermaking, and dental.  The following review will focus on the properties of lignocellulose-derived nanocellulose, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and their applications in nanotechnology.