Biological macromolecules like polysaccharides/proteins/glycoproteins have been widely used in the field of tissue engineering due to their ability to mimic the extracellular matrix of tissue. In addition to this, these macromolecules are found to have higher biocompatibility and no/lesser toxicity when compared to synthetic polymers. In recent years, scaffolds made up of proteins, polysaccharides, or glycoproteins have been highly used due to their tensile strength, biodegradability, and flexibility. This review is about the fabrication methods and applications of scaffolds made using various biological macromolecules, including polysaccharides like chitosan, agarose, cellulose, and dextran and proteins like soy proteins, zein proteins, etc. Biopolymer-based nanocomposite production and its application and limitations are also discussed in this review. This review also emphasizes the importance of using natural polymers rather than synthetic ones for developing scaffolds, as natural polymers have unique properties, like high biocompatibility, biodegradability, accessibility, stability, absence of toxicity, and low cost.

Solar energy conversion efficiency has improved by the advancement technology of photovoltaic (PV) and the involvement of administrations worldwide. However, environmental conditions influence PV power output, resulting in randomness and intermittency. These characteristics may be harmful to the power scheme. As a conclusion, precise and timely power forecast information is essential for the power networks to engage solar energy. To lessen the negative impact of PV electricity usage, the offered short-term solar photovoltaic (PV) power estimate design is based on an online sequential extreme learning machine with a forgetting mechanism (FOS-ELM) under this study. This approach can replace existing knowledge with new information on a continuous basis. The variance of model uncertainty is computed in the first stage by using a learning algorithm to provide predictable PV power estimations. Stage two entails creating a one-of-a-kind PI based on cost function to enhance the ELM limitations and quantify noise uncertainty in respect of variance. As per findings, this approach does have the benefits of short training duration and better reliability. This technique can assist the energy dispatching unit list producing strategies while also providing temporal and spatial compensation and integrated power regulation, which are crucial for the stability and security of energy systems and also their continuous optimization.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) has become a great attraction amongst most researchers, where degradation of waste takes place simultaneously produces electricity. Using an efficient organism and a better proton exchange membrane gives out good electricity. In this study, Exiguobacterium sp SU-5 was isolated from soil and used for producing electricity against carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) in Nafion membrane and Salt bridge fitted MFC, where both act as proton exchange membrane. The organism was found to produce more electricity in Nafion membrane fitted MFC. Later the organism was subjected to produce electricity against kitchen waste and the kitchen waste was also checked for BOD, COD and other water analysis before and after the treatment. The organism could produce more electricity in Nafion membrane fitted MFC and found to reduce chloride, fluoride and hardness of water.

Natural fibers are abundant in natural resources. Natural fibers have been used in various applications. Natural fibers have been proved to be extremely useful in multiple fields in the world.  Natural fibers possess great mechanical and optical properties. Nanocellulose fibers are obtained from plants and it has many applications. It can be used as a nanocomposite. They can be extracted by performing various techniques. It is used as a barrier due to its crystalline structure, which makes it difficult for molecules to flow through. Nanocellulose fibers are biodegradable, strong, lightweight, low density, and renewable since they have been produced from natural resources. They have immense applications in electricals, nanotechnology, medicine, drug delivery, aerospace, adsorbents, papermaking, and dental.  The following review will focus on the properties of lignocellulose-derived nanocellulose, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and their applications in nanotechnology.

Bioelectricity generation can be done in MFC. In this study, Agrobacterium tumefaciens SU-11 two electrodes with surface area of 2.376 cm 2 and 69.5325 cm 2 and two different length salt bridge were used for electricity generation in mediator less microbial fuel cell. Two different concentrations of lactose i.e. 2% and 3 % lactose were used as carbon source. More electricity generation was found at 2 % lactose and 2.376 cm 2 electrode used MFC. The organism was able to produce around 450 mV while dairy wastewater was used as carbon source.