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Purpose Nowadays, the defense industry is considered a significant part of the manufacturing industries. Military products in the world have a high level of diversity, delivery speed and appropriative operational functionality. Therefore, various producing, high quality and high-speed delivery of military products are of great importance in enhancing Iran’s defensive power. Defense industries’ supply chain agility is a response to how to produce military products with these features. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide a model for the agile supply chain of defense industries to show the relationship between agile practices and their hierarchy. Design/methodology/approach First, the authors identify the most important supply chain agility practices by expert’s questionnaire. Then, using factor analysis, practices are categorized and validated based on structural equation modeling (SEM). SEM showed a meaningful relationship between agile supply chain practices. Finally, using interpretative structural modeling, a model is presented to show the logical relationships and hierarchy between these practices. Findings The results show that out of a total of 62 practices introduced in the previous research for the agile supply chain, 37 practices in the agility of the supply chain of defense industries are effective. The 4 new agility practices were identified in this research. These 41 practices were classified into 8 categories including supplier relationship, workshop level management, organizational structure improvement, human resource management, product designing, improve and integrate the process, application of information technology and customer relationship. Improvement of organizational structure was at the highest level of the model. Therefore, managers first should focus on it. Research limitations/implications Given the confidentiality of information in the defense industry, the distribution of questionnaires and their collection was one of the most important limitations. A variety of defense products in land, air and sea areas, and a large number of industries in each sector, forced the authors to select the only land area. Although the results of this research can be used in the air and sea areas, but cannot be said that the implementation of this study presented model will fully lead to the defense industries’ supply chain agility in air and sea sectors. Originality/value This is the first research on the supply chain agility of Iran’s defense industry that bridges the gap between theory and practice. The classification of 41 practices in the form of 8 measures and examining the relationship between them is a new and practical approach for understanding the relationships between different variables that affect supply chain agility. This study introduces four new agility practices including the use of new technology and equipment, human resource balance, the use of expert human resources, training and employee empowerment, which can be considered in many industries of developing or less developed countries. Considering the specific situation of defense industry supply chain in comparison with other industries, the results of this research can be used by other defense industries of similar countries.

The paper's aim is that how the electronic system is able to transmit the message and is considered as an advertising tool, influencing factors on consumer's behavioral response should be identified in order to use this media desirably, effectively, and utilize the e-advertising advantages to satisfy consumers' needs. This is a research an applied research and a descriptive one with field studies. There are some casual relationships among the research variables. A questionnaire is used to collect data. This study aims to designing, validating, and evaluating a model which explains the influence of e-advertising on consumer behavior as well as providing strengths and weaknesses of the model and suggesting solutions to enhance strengths and converting weaknesses to strengths. In this paper, capabilities of internet advertising are examined in a form of 14 content and communicate motives via a leading process (cognition, affection, and attitude) on consumer's behavioral response (image and mentality, intention and desire, testing, purchasing and consuming) as "an e-advertising model" in Tehran Refah Chain Stores. Results show a suitability of the fitted structural model. The above mentioned company, however, should improve its website's capability in content and communicate motives. In this way, internet advertisings of Refah Chain Store's are able to have a desirable effectiveness in order to lead the consumer behavior.

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