CNTCOOH was prepared from oxidation of carbon nanotube. Subsequently, CNTSi was prepared by grafting (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTES) to the surface of CNTCOOH by a ring opening reaction of epoxy groups. Then, CNTA was obtained by formation of silicon oxide network between CNTSi and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Finally, CNTA was used as an additive in novolac resin matrix to yield RCNTA composites with high carbon yield values. Additionally, modification of novolac resin by GPTES gives MR with silicon ethoxide moieties on its structure. Then, MRCNTA composites were obtained by

Graphene oxide (GO) modified with furfuryl alcohol and (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (GOFASi) was used in two separate ways for preparation of novolac resin nanohybrids. In the first procedure, graphene-containing silica aerogel (GA) was obtained by incorporation of GOFASi into silica aerogel network using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Then, GA was used as an additive in novolac resin matrix. In the second procedure, the synthesis of a hybrid novolac resin was accomplished by network formation via the reaction of GOFASi with (3

Carbon nanotube (CNT) was oxidized to obtain CNTCOOH. Then, furfuryl alcohol (FA) moieties were grafted to convex surface and end caps of CNTCOOH by an esterification reaction to yield CNTFA. CNTFA in three different contents was added into novolac resin matrix to improve its carbon yield value and thermal properties. Results from Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopies in addition to thermogravimetric analysis showed that CNT was successfully oxidized and modified with FA moieites. Morphological study and dispersion of nanotubes in the novolac resin matrix were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopies and X-ray diffraction. FA graft content in CNTFA is calculated to be 8.2 %. Also, char value of the novolac resin was increased by 7.1 % by the addition of only 6 wt% of CNTFA.

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Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared via Hummers' method and reduced by hydrazine monohydrate to obtain rGO. GO and rGO nanosheets with different contents were used in in situ interfacial polymerization of 1,2-dichloromethane (EDC) and disodium tetrasulfide (Na 2 S 4 ). The success of oxidation and reduction of nanosheets were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) was used to determine the molecular weights of polymers. Also, dispersion of nanosheets in polymeric matrix was studied by XRD and thermal stability and thermophysical properties of nanocomposites were investigated by TGA and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results showed that incorporation of nanosheets leads to lower molecular weight of matrix polymer whereas reduced nanosheets were dispersed more appropriately in matrix. According to TGA results, dispersion of nanosheets and molecular weight of the matrix are prominent factors in thermal stability of nanocomposites. Also, all samples showed glass transition temperature (T g ) less than 08C, a cold crystallization temperature (T cc ), and subsequent melting (T m ) affected by loading content of nanosheets. POLYM. COMPOS., 38:E515-E524, 2017. V C 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers EXPERIMENTAL Materials Graphite fine powder (Merck, extra pure), sodium nitrate (Fluka, > 99%, NaNO 3 ), sulfuric acid (Merck, 98%, H 2 SO 4 ), potassium permanganate (Merck, 99%, KMnO 4 ), hydrogen peroxide (Mojallali, 35%, H 2 O 2 ),