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A three-dimensional primitive equation model has been developed to study wind-driven currents in the Caspian Sea (CS). The equations were solved in the spherical coordinate system with a vertical array of pressure-sigma using a finite difference Method on a staggered modified Arakawa c grid. Simulations showed that there is an anticyclonic eddy over the deep water of South Caspian Basin (SCB), which extended from surface to subsurface and persist throughout the year. The model successfully produced the coastal current along the eastern coast of the Middle Caspian Basin (MCB) with a prevailing southward component, resulting in upwelling on these coasts to compensate the surface drift. The results indicate that the bottom topography has a key role in steering currents and generated a divergence in the surface Ekman layer which balanced by convergence in the frictional bottom Ekman layer in deepest areas of the CS.

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In this research, density, temperature and salinity fields were investigated in different seasons using observational data of ROPME Marine Cruise in the Persian Gulf (PG). Based on in-situ measurements, areas with density stratification were identified. Having analyzed Landsat and SAR satellite images, internal waves (IW) were detected in different regions of the Persian Gulf and more frequently in the eastern part of the PG related to seawater stratification. Based on analysis of satellite images, it is shown that the length of internal waves crest detected in the northeastern part of Al-Zhahirah (Qatar) was more than 120 km; while it's in range of 5 to 20 km in the south and east of Larak Island, 15 to 40 km in the northeast of Abu Musa Island, and 3 to 65 km in the southeast and south of Hondurabi Island. Moreover, IWs with shorter crest's wide were recognized near Lavan, Siri, Farur, Halul, Khark Islands and Bandar Lengeh, as well. In addition, studying satellite images in the above mentioned areas for a longer time period from 2000 to 2017 showed that IWs mostly occur in the eastern part of the PG in summer and disappear in other seasons.

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