No abstract

Cellular damage arising from free radicals is one of the fundamental mechanisms underlying a number of human neurodegenerative disorders like diabetes, inß ammation, Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune pathologies, and digestive system disorders. Thus, antioxidants play an important role in the treatment of such diseases. Natural sources of antioxidants, free of carcinogenicity unlike synthetic ones, are being tapped for antioxidant formulations. The present study aims at a comparative evaluation of hexane, alcoholic, and aqueous extracts of fresh lemon peel for antioxidant activity. All extracts were subjected to phenolic content estimation by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and ß avonoid content estimation by the aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Results revealed that the alcoholic extract had the maximaml content of both phenolics and ß avanoids. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using the beta-carotene bleaching method, the nitric oxide radical scavenging and the hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays. The alcoholic extract was found to have good free radical inhibitory property as well as nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. The hexane extract, however, showed only good hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. Thus, the higher antioxidant activity of the alcoholic and hexane extracts of Citrus limon peel could have wide therapeutic utility against various diseases.

Microsatellites known as simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) or short-tandem repeats (STRs), represent specific sequences of DNA consisting of tandemly repeated units of one to six nucleotides. The repetitive nature of microsatellites makes them particularly prone to grow or shrink in length and these changes can have both good and bad consequences for the organisms that possess them. They are responsible for various neurological diseases and hence the same cause is now utilized for the early detection of various diseases, such as, Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder, Congenital generalized Hypertrichosis, Asthma, and Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness. These agents are widely used for forensic identification and relatedness testing, and are predominant genetic markers in this area of application. The application of microsatellites is an extending web and covers the varied scenarios of science, such as, conservation biology, plant genetics, and population studies. At present, researches are progressing round the globe to extend the use of these genetic repeaters to unmask the hidden genetic secrets behind the creation of the world.

This article is focused mainly on risk factors,staging and survival rates of endometrial cancer in infertility patients in both black and white women in United States, These risk factors split in to two groups such as exogenous& endogenous. Exogenous mainly (fertility treatment clomiphene, tamoxifen, human chorionic gonadotropins,human menopausal Gonadotropins& Birth control pills, intra uterine devices) These factors which increases the concentrations of unopposed estrogen for a short periods of time but successful leads to fertility, long-term leads to endometrial cancer, and endogenous risk factors includes mainly (Poly cystic ovary syndrome, Obesity,Diabetes, and Hypertension) these risk factors in infertility women may lead to increased unopposed estrogen in the body may leads to development of endometrial cancer over a period of time. It is the commonest reproductive cancer. Our objective was toassess association between exogenous and endogenous risk factors, in infertility patients staging and survival rates in infertility patients which leads to an endometrial cancer .It is estimated that by 2030, endo metrialcancer will become the 6th most common cancer overall, and the 3rd most common among women. In addition, five year survival after an EC diagnosis is lower for black women when compared to white women at every stage of diagnosis. "Early detection leads to early prevention".

Background:  Preterm birth is the leading cause of newborns deaths and the second leading cause of the death in children under five years old. It is continued to be a major cause of prenatal and neonatal morbidity. The aim of the present study was to identify the maternal risk factors associated with preterm birth in the tertiary care hospital, a major  target for obstetric health care Methods: A prospective- interventional study was conducted in the department of gynecology during the period of November 2020- April 2021. Women who delivered a preterm baby (26-37 weeks gestation) were included in this study. Patients signed up for the study were put through a detailed history with respect to age, parity, previous pregnancy outcomes, and other medical disorders, including the presence of GDH, PIH, anemia, infections to identify the presence of any risk factors in the pregnancy. Results: The study showed the incidence of preterm to be 7.81%. The maximum number of cases belonged to the maternal age group of 18-34 years and the mothers with consanguineous marriage. Around 26% of the women present with PIH  and 21% of women with a history of abortions as a risk factor. The other major risk factors found to be associated with preterm labor are hypertensive disorders of pregnancy like preeclampsia, eclampsia, GDM, anemia, APH, polyhydramnios, oligohydramnios, mother own h/o PTB, psychological stress. Conclusion: The commonest risk factor was pregnancy-induced hypertension, followed by the maternal history of abortions and consanguineous marriage. The other significant risk factors include eclampsia, preeclampsia, oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios, antepartum hemorrhage, leakage of amniotic fluid, mothers' own history of prematurity, inadequate antenatal care, psychological stress.