perform manual transfer of patients lying on low height beds. Nurses' risk of musculoskeletal disorders is remaining to be high. In this study, Fc was chosen as the indicator of low back loads. The aim of this study was to verify the amount of Fc during patient transfer. In addition, the comparison of Fc between different bed heights and relationship between Fc and bed heights were verified. Although there are many kinds of nursing care given to patients lying on bed, the transfer in which a nurse moves the patient to the upper side of the bed was chosen for this study. This is because this transfer is a single action and the distance between nurse and patient is constant for the most of the movement, which makes it simpler to analyze. In addition, this transfer is a moderate form of transferring care that is practiced to various types of patients. Because of these reasons, this transfer was chosen for this study. 2 Methods 2-1 Participants Twelve healthy women who have been working in a hospital as a nurse for more than one year were recruited to participate in this study. The following requirements were added 1 the nurse attended a lecture about body mechanics and workspace layout in nursing school before being employed as a nurse, and 2 she has no symptoms of any musculoskeletal disorders that might affect her daily work. 2-2 Equipments All participants wore identical black T-shirts, half pants, high-socks, and sandals. Sandals were chosen because Short communication The Relationship between the Nurses' Low Back Load and the Height of the Bed during Patient Transfer, by Tomoko TAMARU, Yoko ASO, Aki IBE, Yoko HONDA & Hiroko ARAOKA.

Aims Nurses’ hand temperature may affect patient comfort but has not been investigated. This study aimed to determine female hospital nurses' hand skin temperature and clarify the effects of measurement site, time, nursing procedures, and environment. Design An observational study. Methods The middle finger, thenar eminence, hypothenar eminence, and medial forearm skin temperature of 29 female hospital nurses was measured at four time points during a day shift and before and after nursing procedures (hand disinfection, hand washing, taking vital signs, hygiene care, and positioning). Results Mean hand skin temperature was in the range of 29–32°C with interpersonal variations. Mean skin temperature at the medial forearm was 31.94–32.35°C (SD 0.87–1.52°C) and at the middle finger, 29.73–31.07°C (SD > 3°C). Time‐dependent skin temperature fluctuations were confirmed on the middle finger (p = .022), and thenar (p = .005) and hypothenar eminence (p = .001). There were weak correlations between skin temperature and environmental factors, including ambient temperature (ρ = .194–.266), humidity (ρ = −.309 to −.319), and hospital room wind speed (ρ = .253–.314). The skin temperature dropped significantly after hand disinfection and handwashing at all measurement sites (middle finger: −1.30 and −3.56°C, respectively; thenar eminence: −1.19 and −3.32°C; hypothenar eminence: −0.80 and −3.39°C; medial forearm: −0.21 and −1.60°C). Conclusion These findings may raise nurses' awareness of their skin temperature. Moreover, our study highlights the need to develop countermeasures to ensure optimal nurses' skin temperature and patient comfort.

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Summary 皮肤由几层组成,其中最外层是角质层。正常角质层 (SC) 本身分为两层,上层是网状编织 (B‐W) 图案层,下层是较低的致密层。角化桥粒是在角质层中发现的细胞,在健康的皮肤中,它们的数量从下层致密层到上层网状编织层不断减少(细胞降解),并且其分布(布局)发生变化。这可以通过观察在胶带(胶带粘贴)上采集的皮肤细胞样本中的桥粒芯蛋白 1 (Dsg1) 水平看出,因为 Dsg1 的水平代表角化桥粒的数量。在某些皮肤病中,例如寻常型鱼鳞病和 X 连锁鱼鳞病中,没有网状编织图案层,或者不完整。 在这项研究中,利用重建的人表皮(RHE,一种由皮肤细胞发育而成的皮肤模型)以及通过胶带粘贴从女性志愿者身上获得的皮肤细胞,探索了网状编织图案上层的功能。 科学家们使用了水包油型乳剂,制备了乳霜 A,并成功地在重建的人表皮中生成了网状编织图案上层,从而促进了角化桥粒的降解。这可能是有用的工具,可用于体外(指在实验室而不是在人体中)研究网状编织层的生理意义。 研究人员使用女性志愿者的细胞发现,最外层角质层中 Dsg1 的降解(代表网状编织图案层的形成)与健康皮肤水屏障功能(健康皮肤屏障的标志)和 SC 柔软度相关,而后者差异很大。测量通过胶带粘贴从人体皮肤上获得的角质层中 Dsg1 的含量,可以研究外用刺激剂(例如乳霜/软膏)对网状编织层完整性的影响,而无需活检。 本摘要涉及研究:通过重建人体表皮和胶带粘贴人脸颊皮肤进行的研究显示角质层中的网状编织结构是维持人体皮肤生理特性的重要因素